BIO 1320 Groeger FINAL
Two Basic Principles of Atoms
An Atom will not react with other atoms when its outermost electron shell is completely full. (atom is described as being inert) An atom will react with other atoms if its outermost electron shell is only partially full. (atom is described as being reactive)
Human Evolution
Skin Pigmentation, Natural Selection
pH 0 to 7
Solution is Acidic
pH 7 to 14
Solution is Basic
pH at 7
Solution is Neutral
Cell Theory
The cell is the basic unit of life
Mutation
a change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene; often used to refer to a genetic change that is significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organism.
Ion
a charged atom or molecule; an atom or molecule that has either an excess or electrons or has lost electrons
Covalent Bond
a chemical bond between atoms in which electrons are shared
Ionic Bond
a chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions
Ecosystems
a community together with its nonliving surroundings
Buffer
a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
a covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons
Polar Covalent Bond
a covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, such that one atom is relatively negative and the other relatively positive
Conclusion
a decision about the validity of a hypothesis, mad eon the basis of experiments or observations
Variable
a factor in a scientific experiment that is deliberately manipulated in order to test a hypothesis
Scientific Theory
a general explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than a hypothesis
Tissue
a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Solvent
a liquid capable of dissolving other substances in itself
Organelle
a membrane-enclosed structure found inside a cell that performs a specific function EX. moving the cell, obtaining energy, synthesizing large molecules
Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
a molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the genetic information of all living cells
Organic molecules
a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen
Molecule
a particle composed of one or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound
Chemical Reaction
a process by which new chemical bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken, converting one substance into another (3 types Ionic, covalent and hyrdrogen)
Electron Shells
a region in an atom within which electrons orbit; each shell corresponds to a fixed energy level at a given distance from the nucleus
Scientific Method
a rigorous procedure for making observations of specific phenomena and searching for the order underlying those phenomena : observation > question > hypothesis > prediction > experiment > conclusion
pH scale
a scale with values from 0 to 14 used for measuring the relative acidity of a solution
Acidic
a solution with an H+ concentration exceeding that of OH-
Basic
a solution with an H+ concentration less than that of OH-
Solution
a solvent containing one or more dissolved substances
Prediction
a statement describing an expected observation or the expected outcome of an experiment, assuming that a specific hypothesis is true : "If...then"
Question
a statement that identifies a particular aspect of an observation that a scientist wishes to explain : How did this happen?
Organs
a structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit EX. Heart
Electron
a subatomic particle that is found in an electron shell outside the nucleus of an atom, bears a unit of negative charge and very little mass
Protons
a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms; it bears a unit of positive charge, and has a relatively large mass, roughly equal to the mass of the neutron
Neutrons
a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms; it bears no charge, and has a mass approx equal to that of a proton
Nutrients
a substance acquired from the environment and needed for the survival, growth and development of an organism. Ex. air , water, soil, etc.
Element
a substance that cant be broken down, or converted, to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means
Base
a substance that combines with hydrogen ions, reducing their number
Acid
a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water
Compound
a substance whose molecules are formed by different types of atoms; can be broken into its constituent elements by chemical means.
Hypothesis
a supposition based on previous observations that is offered as an explanation for an observed phenomenon and is uses as the basis for further observations or experiments
Adhesion
a tendency to stick to surfaces having slight charges that attract the polar water molecules
Adaptations
a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.
Cytoplasm
all of the material contained within the plasma membrane of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus (enclosed by plasma membrane)
Chemical Bonds
an attraction between two atoms or molecules that tends to hold them together Ex. covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
Multicellular System
an individual living thing composed of many cells
Organism
an individual living thing. (composed primarily of complex molecules)
Antioxidants
any molecule that reacts with free radicals.Vitamin C and E
Atmosphere
gases surrounded
Eukaryotic
genetic material enclosed within a membrane bound nucleus and contain other organelles EX. plants, animals, fungi, and protisit
Prokaryotic
genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus and lack other membrane bound organelles, EX. Bacteria & Archae
Multicellular
many-celled; most members of the kindoms fungi, plantae, and animalia
Population
members of one species inhabiting the same area EX. herd of pronghorn antelope
Hydrophilic
molecules that dissolve readily in water, or molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water
Hydrophobic
molecules that do not dissolve in water or form hydrogen bonds with water
Isotopes
one of several forms of a single element, the nuclei of which contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Radioactive
pertaining to an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously disintegrates, with the emission of radiation spontaneously break apart forming different atoms and release energy
Unicellular
single celled; most members of Bacteria and Archaea, and the kingdom Protista
Bacteria & Archae consist of
single simple cells
Cell
smallest unit of life
Lithosphere
solid part of the planet (rock)
Biosphere
that part of earth inhabited by living organism; includes both the living and nonliving components
Control(s)
that portion of an experiment in which all possible variables are held constant; in contrast to the "experimental" portion, in which a particular variable is altered
Energy
the ability or capacity to do work, or contracting a muscle.
Heat of Vaporization
the amount of heat needed to cause a substance to evaporate
Hydrogen Bond
the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen in a polar molecule and slightly negative pole of a nearby polar molecule
Domain
the broadest category for classifying organisms. organisms are classified into 3 : Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya
Atomic Nucleus
the central part of an atom that contains protons & neutrons
Photosynthesis
the complete series of chemical reaction in which the energy of light is used to synthesize high-energy organic molecules from low-energy inorganic molecules.
Atomic Number
the defining characteristic of each element
Specific Heat
the energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 C
Chromosomes
the genetic "blueprint" or molecular "instruction manual"; a DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize and regular the use of the DNA
Homeostasis
the maintenance of the relatively constant internal environment that is required for the optimal functioning of cells
Nucleus
the membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contain the cells genetic material
Binomial System
the method of naming organisms by genus and species
Science
the organized, systematic enterprise that gathers knowledge about the world and condenses the knowledge into testable laws & principles
Plasma Membrane
the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bi-layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. (separate cell from outside world)
Natural Selection
the process by which organism with specific traits that help them cope with the rigors of the their environment reproduce more successfully than do others that lack these traits the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms with different phenotypes, caused by environmental forces. This refers specifically to cases in which the differing phenotypes are heritable; that is, they are caused at least partly by genetic differences, with the result that better adapted phenotypes become more common in the population.
Inductive Reasoning
the process of creating a generalization as a result of making many observations that support it, and none that contradict it
Deductive Reasoning
the process of generating hypothesis about the results of a specific experiment or the nature of a specific observation
Observation
the recognition of and a statement about a specific phenomenon, usually leading to the formulation of a question about the phenomenon
Kingdoms
the second broadest consisting of related phyla. EX. Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protist
Atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element.
Biology
the study of life
Hydrophobic interaction
the tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together when immersed in water Ex. oil and water
Surface Tension
the tendency for the water surface to resist being broken
Cohesion
the tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together
Scientific Theory of Evolution
the theory that modern organism descended, with modification, from preexisting life-forms.
Experiment
the use of carefully controlled observations or manipulations to test the predictions generated by a hypothesis
Atomic Mass
total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Organ System
two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function EX. Circulatory System
Community
two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area EX. snake, antelope, hawk, bushes, grasses
Genes
units of heredity that provide the information required to control the life of the cell
Species
very similar, potentially interbreeding organism. capable of breeding
Hydrosphere
water on the rock
Heterotrophic
"Other-feeder" an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer
Autotrophic
"Self-Feeding"
Evolution
(1) the descent of modern organism , with modification, from preexisting life-forms, (2) the theory that all organism are related by common ancestry and have changed over time; (3) any change in the genetic makeup(the proportions of different genotypes) in a population from one generation to the next.
Characteristics of Life
- Made of cells -Acquire and use materials and energy -actively maintain their complex structure and their internal environment, homeostasis -perceive and respond to stimuli from their environment -Grow -Reproduce -Have the capacity to evolve