BIO 1320 Groeger FINAL

Two Basic Principles of Atoms

An Atom will not react with other atoms when its outermost electron shell is completely full. (atom is described as being inert) An atom will react with other atoms if its outermost electron shell is only partially full. (atom is described as being reactive)

Human Evolution

Skin Pigmentation, Natural Selection

pH 0 to 7

Solution is Acidic

pH 7 to 14

Solution is Basic

pH at 7

Solution is Neutral

Cell Theory

The cell is the basic unit of life

Mutation

a change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene; often used to refer to a genetic change that is significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organism.

Ion

a charged atom or molecule; an atom or molecule that has either an excess or electrons or has lost electrons

Covalent Bond

a chemical bond between atoms in which electrons are shared

Ionic Bond

a chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

Ecosystems

a community together with its nonliving surroundings

Buffer

a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

a covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons

Polar Covalent Bond

a covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, such that one atom is relatively negative and the other relatively positive

Conclusion

a decision about the validity of a hypothesis, mad eon the basis of experiments or observations

Variable

a factor in a scientific experiment that is deliberately manipulated in order to test a hypothesis

Scientific Theory

a general explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than a hypothesis

Tissue

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Solvent

a liquid capable of dissolving other substances in itself

Organelle

a membrane-enclosed structure found inside a cell that performs a specific function EX. moving the cell, obtaining energy, synthesizing large molecules

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

a molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the genetic information of all living cells

Organic molecules

a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen

Molecule

a particle composed of one or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound

Chemical Reaction

a process by which new chemical bonds are formed or existing bonds are broken, converting one substance into another (3 types Ionic, covalent and hyrdrogen)

Electron Shells

a region in an atom within which electrons orbit; each shell corresponds to a fixed energy level at a given distance from the nucleus

Scientific Method

a rigorous procedure for making observations of specific phenomena and searching for the order underlying those phenomena : observation > question > hypothesis > prediction > experiment > conclusion

pH scale

a scale with values from 0 to 14 used for measuring the relative acidity of a solution

Acidic

a solution with an H+ concentration exceeding that of OH-

Basic

a solution with an H+ concentration less than that of OH-

Solution

a solvent containing one or more dissolved substances

Prediction

a statement describing an expected observation or the expected outcome of an experiment, assuming that a specific hypothesis is true : "If...then"

Question

a statement that identifies a particular aspect of an observation that a scientist wishes to explain : How did this happen?

Organs

a structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit EX. Heart

Electron

a subatomic particle that is found in an electron shell outside the nucleus of an atom, bears a unit of negative charge and very little mass

Protons

a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms; it bears a unit of positive charge, and has a relatively large mass, roughly equal to the mass of the neutron

Neutrons

a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms; it bears no charge, and has a mass approx equal to that of a proton

Nutrients

a substance acquired from the environment and needed for the survival, growth and development of an organism. Ex. air , water, soil, etc.

Element

a substance that cant be broken down, or converted, to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means

Base

a substance that combines with hydrogen ions, reducing their number

Acid

a substance that releases hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water

Compound

a substance whose molecules are formed by different types of atoms; can be broken into its constituent elements by chemical means.

Hypothesis

a supposition based on previous observations that is offered as an explanation for an observed phenomenon and is uses as the basis for further observations or experiments

Adhesion

a tendency to stick to surfaces having slight charges that attract the polar water molecules

Adaptations

a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait.

Cytoplasm

all of the material contained within the plasma membrane of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus (enclosed by plasma membrane)

Chemical Bonds

an attraction between two atoms or molecules that tends to hold them together Ex. covalent, ionic, and hydrogen

Multicellular System

an individual living thing composed of many cells

Organism

an individual living thing. (composed primarily of complex molecules)

Antioxidants

any molecule that reacts with free radicals.Vitamin C and E

Atmosphere

gases surrounded

Eukaryotic

genetic material enclosed within a membrane bound nucleus and contain other organelles EX. plants, animals, fungi, and protisit

Prokaryotic

genetic material is not enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus and lack other membrane bound organelles, EX. Bacteria & Archae

Multicellular

many-celled; most members of the kindoms fungi, plantae, and animalia

Population

members of one species inhabiting the same area EX. herd of pronghorn antelope

Hydrophilic

molecules that dissolve readily in water, or molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water

Hydrophobic

molecules that do not dissolve in water or form hydrogen bonds with water

Isotopes

one of several forms of a single element, the nuclei of which contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Radioactive

pertaining to an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously disintegrates, with the emission of radiation spontaneously break apart forming different atoms and release energy

Unicellular

single celled; most members of Bacteria and Archaea, and the kingdom Protista

Bacteria & Archae consist of

single simple cells

Cell

smallest unit of life

Lithosphere

solid part of the planet (rock)

Biosphere

that part of earth inhabited by living organism; includes both the living and nonliving components

Control(s)

that portion of an experiment in which all possible variables are held constant; in contrast to the "experimental" portion, in which a particular variable is altered

Energy

the ability or capacity to do work, or contracting a muscle.

Heat of Vaporization

the amount of heat needed to cause a substance to evaporate

Hydrogen Bond

the attraction between the slightly positive hydrogen in a polar molecule and slightly negative pole of a nearby polar molecule

Domain

the broadest category for classifying organisms. organisms are classified into 3 : Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya

Atomic Nucleus

the central part of an atom that contains protons & neutrons

Photosynthesis

the complete series of chemical reaction in which the energy of light is used to synthesize high-energy organic molecules from low-energy inorganic molecules.

Atomic Number

the defining characteristic of each element

Specific Heat

the energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 C

Chromosomes

the genetic "blueprint" or molecular "instruction manual"; a DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize and regular the use of the DNA

Homeostasis

the maintenance of the relatively constant internal environment that is required for the optimal functioning of cells

Nucleus

the membrane bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contain the cells genetic material

Binomial System

the method of naming organisms by genus and species

Science

the organized, systematic enterprise that gathers knowledge about the world and condenses the knowledge into testable laws & principles

Plasma Membrane

the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bi-layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. (separate cell from outside world)

Natural Selection

the process by which organism with specific traits that help them cope with the rigors of the their environment reproduce more successfully than do others that lack these traits the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms with different phenotypes, caused by environmental forces. This refers specifically to cases in which the differing phenotypes are heritable; that is, they are caused at least partly by genetic differences, with the result that better adapted phenotypes become more common in the population.

Inductive Reasoning

the process of creating a generalization as a result of making many observations that support it, and none that contradict it

Deductive Reasoning

the process of generating hypothesis about the results of a specific experiment or the nature of a specific observation

Observation

the recognition of and a statement about a specific phenomenon, usually leading to the formulation of a question about the phenomenon

Kingdoms

the second broadest consisting of related phyla. EX. Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protist

Atom

the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of that element.

Biology

the study of life

Hydrophobic interaction

the tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together when immersed in water Ex. oil and water

Surface Tension

the tendency for the water surface to resist being broken

Cohesion

the tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together

Scientific Theory of Evolution

the theory that modern organism descended, with modification, from preexisting life-forms.

Experiment

the use of carefully controlled observations or manipulations to test the predictions generated by a hypothesis

Atomic Mass

total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Organ System

two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function EX. Circulatory System

Community

two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area EX. snake, antelope, hawk, bushes, grasses

Genes

units of heredity that provide the information required to control the life of the cell

Species

very similar, potentially interbreeding organism. capable of breeding

Hydrosphere

water on the rock

Heterotrophic

"Other-feeder" an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer

Autotrophic

"Self-Feeding"

Evolution

(1) the descent of modern organism , with modification, from preexisting life-forms, (2) the theory that all organism are related by common ancestry and have changed over time; (3) any change in the genetic makeup(the proportions of different genotypes) in a population from one generation to the next.

Characteristics of Life

- Made of cells -Acquire and use materials and energy -actively maintain their complex structure and their internal environment, homeostasis -perceive and respond to stimuli from their environment -Grow -Reproduce -Have the capacity to evolve