Bio 1407 review test 3

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium derives nutrition by digesting human intestinal contents (in other words, food). Humans lacking this bacterium have no measurable reproductive advantage or disadvantage relative to humans who harbor this bacterium. Consequently, the bacterium can be properly described as which of the following? 1. symbiont 2. endosymbiont 3. mutualist 4. commensal A) 4 only B) 1 and 2 C) 1 and 4 D) 2 and 3 E) 2 and 4

1 and 4

Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? 1. Plasmodium 2. Trichomonas 3. Paramecium 4. Trypanosoma 5. Entamoeba A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 4 and 5

1 and 4

If the kingdom Plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes, then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. 2. chlorophylls a and b. 3. alternation of generations. 4. cell walls of cellulose. 5. ability to synthesize sporopollenin. A) 1 and 5 B) 1, 2, and 3 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 1, 4, and 5 E) 1, 2, 4, and 5

1 and 5

The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds' A) DNA sequences. B) nutritional modes. C) choice of habitats. D) physical appearance. E) reproductive methods.

DNA sequences.

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. embryophytes 2. green plants 3. seedless vascular plants 4. ferns 5. tracheophytes A) 1, 2, 5, 3, 4 B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4 C) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 D) 1, 4, 2, 5, 3 E) 2, 1, 5, 4, 3

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

You are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 m deep), and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist? 1. hydrogenosome 2. apicoplast 3. pseudopods 4. chloroplast from red alga 5. chloroplast from green alga A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 2 and 4 D) 3 and 4 E) 4 and 5

3 and 4

Which of the following is a land plant that has flagellated sperm and a sporophyte-dominated life cycle? A) fern B) moss C) liverwort D) charophyte E) hornwort

fern

Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces? 1. capsules 2. endospores 3. fimbriae 4. plasmids 5. flagella A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 4 E) 3 and 5

1 and 3

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonize land? 1. the relative number of potential predators (herbivores) 2. the relative number of competitors 3. the relative availability of symbiotic partners 4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support A) 1 and 2 B) 2 and 3 C) 3 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 3 E) 1, 2, and 4

1, 2, and 3

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures? 1. nucleoid region 2. endospore 3. fimbriae 4. plasmids A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 only C) 1 and 4 only D) 2 and 4 only E) 1, 2, and 4

1, 2, and 4

The termite gut protist, Mixotricha paradoxa, has at least two kinds of bacteria attached to its outer surface. One kind is a spirochete that propels its host through the termite gut. A second type of bacteria synthesizes ATP, some of which is used by the spirochetes. The locomotion provided by the spirochetes introduces the ATP-producing bacteria to new food sources. Which term(s) is (are) applicable to the relationship between the two kinds of bacteria? 1. mutualism 2. parasitism 3. symbiosis 4. metabolic cooperation A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 3, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4

1, 3, and 4

Evidence indicates that plants increase the number of stomata in their leaves as atmospheric COâ‚‚ levels decline. Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area should have the effect of doing which of the following? 1. increasing dehydration of leaf tissues 2. decreasing dehydration of leaf tissues 3. countering the effect of declining COâ‚‚ on photosynthesis 4. reinforcing the effect of declining COâ‚‚ on photosynthesis 5. decreasing the Oâ‚‚ content of air next to the leaves lower than it would otherwise be 6. increasing the Oâ‚‚ content of air next to the leaves higher than it would otherwise be A) 1, 3, and 5 B) 1, 3, and 6 C) 1, 4, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 6 E) 2, 4, and 5

1, 3, and 6

In Fred Griffith's experiments, harmless R strain pneumococcus became lethal S strain pneumococcus as the result of which of the following? 1. horizontal gene transfer 2. transduction 3. conjugation 4. transformation 5. genetic recombination A) 2 only B) 4 only C) 2 and 5 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 1, 4, and 5

1, 4, and 5

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? 1. composition of the cell wall 2. presence of plasma membrane 3. lack of a nuclear envelope 4. identical rRNA sequences A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 2 and 4

2 and 3

Match the numbered terms to the description that follows. Choose all appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph a prokaryote that obtains both energy and carbon as it decomposes dead organisms A) 1 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

2 and 4

Match the numbered terms to the description that follows. Choose all appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey A) 1 only B) 4 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

2 and 4

In a hypothetical situation, a bacterium lives on the surface of a leaf, where it obtains nutrition from the leaf's nonliving, waxy covering while inhibiting the growth of other microbes that are plant pathogens. If this bacterium gains access to the inside of a leaf, however, it causes a fatal disease in the plant. Once the plant dies, the bacterium and its offspring decompose the plant. What is the correct sequence of ecological roles played by the bacterium in the situation described here? Use only those that apply. 1. nutrient recycler 2. mutualist 3. commensal 4.parasite 5. primary producer A) 1, 3, 4 B) 2, 3, 4 C) 2, 4, 1 D) 1, 2, 5 E) 1, 2, 3

2, 4, 1

The thermoacidophile, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is likely to be true of this species? 1. It is a bacterium. 2. It is an archaean. 3. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie above pH 7. 4. The optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7. 5. It could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs. 6. It could inhabit alkaline hot springs. A) 1, 3, and 6 B) 2, 4, and 6 C) 2, 4, and 5 D) 1, 3, and 5 E) 1, 4, and 5

2, 4, and 5

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. In which feature(s) should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium? 1. nucleolus 2. prophage 3. endospore 4. nucleoid A) 4 only B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4

3 and 4

Match the numbered terms to the description that follows. Choose all appropriate terms. 1. autotroph 2. heterotroph 3. phototroph 4. chemotroph an organism that relies on photons to excite electrons within its membranes A) 1 only B) 3 only C) 1 and 3 D) 2 and 4 E) 1, 3, and 4

3 only

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). 1. spores 2. sporophylls 3. sporophytes 4. sporangia A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 3, 4, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 3, 4, 2, 1 E) 3, 2, 4, 1

3, 2, 4, 1

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest. 1. antheridia 2. gametes 3. gametophytes 4. gametangia A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 4, 2, 1 D) 3, 4, 1, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

3, 4, 1, 2

Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination? 1. embryo 2. gametes 3. sporophyte 4. protonema 5. gametophore A) 4 →1→3 →5→2 B) 4 →3 →5→2 →1 C) 4 →5 →2→1→3 D) 3 →4 →5→ 2 →1 E) 3 →1→ 4→5 →2

4 →5 →2→1→3

The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm? 1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide 2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids 3. peptidoglycan 4. capsule A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 1, 3, 4, 2 C) 1, 4, 3, 2 D) 4, 1, 3, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

4, 1, 3, 2

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true? A) All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names. B) The primary organism that transmits malaria to humans by its bite is the tsetse fly. C) All apicomplexans are autotrophic. D) All slime molds have an amoeboid stage that may be followed by a stage during which spores are produced. E) Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts.

All protists have mitochondria, though in some species they are much reduced and known by different names.

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses? A) The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation. B) Spores are primarily distributed by water currents. C) Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. D) The sporophyte generation is dominant. E) The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes.

If archaeans are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria, then which of the following is a reasonable prediction? A) Archaean DNA should have no introns. B) Archaean chromosomes should have no protein bonded to them. C) Archaean DNA should be single-stranded. D) Archaean ribosomes should be larger than typical prokaryotic ribosomes. E) Archaeans should lack cell walls.

Archaean ribosomes should be larger than typical prokaryotic ribosomes.

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction? A) Embryophytes are small because they are in an early developmental stage. B) Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia. C) Gametangia protect gametes from excess water. D) Eggs and sperm of bryophytes swim toward one another. E) Bryophytes are limited to asexual reproduction

Both male and female bryophytes produce gametangia.

Which statement about bacterial cell walls is false? A) Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls. B) Cell walls prevent cells from bursting in hypotonic environments. C) Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions. D) Bacterial cell walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi, and plants. E) Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment.

Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions

Suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would not be true? A) Fertilization would probably be more difficult. B) Spore dispersal distances would probably increase. C) Females could produce only one archegonium. D) Unless its body parts were strengthened, such a "tree" would probably flop over. E) Individuals would probably compete more effectively for access to light.

Females could produce only one archegonium.

In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions of this experiment, what should be true of E. coli's generation time (especially early in the course of the experiment, but less so later on)? A) Generation time should be the same as in the typical environment. B) Generation time should be faster than in the typical environment. C) Generation time should be slower than in the typical environment. D) It is theoretically impossible to make any predictions about generation time under these conditions.

Generation time should be slower than in the typical environment.

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival? A) It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B) It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C) It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D) It has an endospore. E) It is protected by a case made of silica.

It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. What should be true of the cell wall of this bacterium? A) Its innermost layer is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. B) After it has been subjected to Gram staining, the cell should remain purple. C) It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. D) It is mostly composed of a complex, cross-linked polysaccharide. E) Two of the responses above are correct.

It has an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide.

Regarding prokaryotic genetics, which statement is correct? A) Crossing over during prophase I introduces some genetic variation. B) Prokaryotes feature the union of haploid gametes, as do eukaryotes. C) Prokaryotes exchange some of their genes by conjugation, the union of haploid gametes, and transduction. D) Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations. E) Prokaryotes skip sexual life cycles because their life cycle is too short.

Mutation is a primary source of variation in prokaryote populations.

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"? A) Viridiplantae B) Plantae C) Pterophyta D) Bryophyta E) Charophycea

Plantae

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct? A) Prokaryotic genomes are diploid throughout most of the cell cycle. B) Prokaryotic chromosomes are sometimes called plasmids. C) Prokaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, "packed" with a relatively large amount of protein. D) The prokaryotic chromosome is not contained within a nucleus but, rather, is found at the nucleolus. E) Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA.

Prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA

Prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those present in eukaryotic cytosol. Because of this, which of the following is correct? A) Some antibiotics can block protein synthesis in bacteria without effects in the eukaryotic host. B) Eukaryotes did not evolve from prokaryotes. C) Translation can occur at the same time as transcription in eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes. D) Some antibiotics can block the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the walls of bacteria. E) Prokaryotes are able to use a much greater variety of molecules as food sources than can eukaryotes.

Some antibiotics can block protein synthesis in bacteria without effects in the eukaryotic host.

Considering that the mature sporophytes of true mosses get their nutrition from the gametophytes on which they grow, and considering these generations as individual plants, what is true of the relationship between true moss sporophytes and gametophytes? A) Sporophytes are endosymbionts of gametophytes. B) Sporophytes are mutualists of gametophytes. C) Sporophytes are commensalists of gametophytes. D) Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

Sporophytes are parasites of gametophytes.

Biologists have long been aware that the defunct kingdom Protista is polyphyletic. Which of these statements is most consistent with this conclusion? A) Many species within this kingdom were once classified as monerans. B) Animals, plants, and fungi arose from different protist ancestors. C) The eukaryotic condition has evolved more than once among the protists. D) Chloroplasts among various protists are similar to those found in prokaryotes. E) Some protists, all animals, and all fungi share a protist common ancestor, but these protists, animals, and fungi are currently assigned to three different kingdoms.

The eukaryotic condition has evolved more than once among the protists.

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result? A) The number of organisms on Earth would decrease by 1020%. B) Human populations would thrive in the absence of disease. C) Bacteriophage numbers would dramatically increase. D) The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially. E) There would be no more pathogens on Earth.

The recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially.

Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations comes closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevant data from molecular systematics became available? A) Some closely resemble animals, which lack cell walls. B) Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals. C) Some have cell walls only for support. D) Some have cell walls only for protection from herbivores. E) Some have cell walls only to control osmotic balance.

Their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals.

Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates? A) They use pseudopods as locomotory structures or as feeding structures. B) They are relatively specialized cells. C) They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis. D) Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water. E) They are often multinucleate.

They are often multinucleate.

Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls. On the basis of this structural feature, which statement concerning mycoplasmas should be true? A) They are gram-negative. B) They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions. C) They lack a cell membrane as well. D) They should contain less cellulose than do bacteria that possess cell walls. E) They possess typical prokaryotic flagella.

They are subject to lysis in hypotonic conditions.

What is true of charophytes? A) They are the ancestors of green algae. B) They are examples of seedless vascular plants. C) They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants. D) They share some features in common with land plants, namely spores surrounded by sporopollenin and alternation of generations.

They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants.

Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct? A) Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material. B) Their genetic material is confined within vesicles known as plasmids. C) They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. D) The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (in other words, sameness). E) Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, because of their asexual mode of reproduction.

They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis.

Which of the following statements is true of archegonia? A) They are the sites where male gametes are produced. B) They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos. C) They are the same as sporangia. D) They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads. E) They are asexual reproductive structures.

They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.

Which of the following statements about dinoflagellates is true? A) They possess two flagella. B) All known varieties are autotrophic. C) Their walls are usually composed of silica plates. D) Many types lack mitochondria. E) Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor, and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

They possess two flagella.

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants? A) Extant seedless vascular plants are larger than the extinct varieties. B) Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period. C) They produce many spores, which are really the same as seeds. D) The gametophyte is the dominant generation. E) Sphagnum is an economically and ecologically important example.

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of A) fimbriae. B) pili. C) a capsule. D) a flagellum. E) a cell wall with an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane.

a capsule.

Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because A) the products of photosynthesis could not be metabolized without mitochondrial enzymes. B) all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids. C) mitochondrial DNA is less similar to prokaryotic DNA than is plastid DNA. D) without mitochondrial CO₂ production, photosynthesis could not occur. E) mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes, whereas plastids utilize their own ribosomes.

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae? A) chlorophyll b B) cellulose in cell walls C) formation of a cell plate during cytokinesis D) sexual reproduction E) alternation of multicellular generations

alternation of multicellular generations

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. This bacterium derives nutrition by digesting human intestinal contents (in other words, food). Thus, this bacterium should be an A) aerobic chemoheterotroph. B) aerobic chemoautotroph. C) anaerobic chemoheterotroph. D) anaerobic chemoautotroph.

anaerobic chemoheterotroph.

Which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants? A) sources of water B) sperm transfer C) desiccation D) animal predation E) absorbing enough light

animal predation

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae A) are heterotrophs. B) are unicellular. C) have plastids. D) have alternation of generations. E) have cell walls containing cellulose.

are unicellular.

If you were faced with the choice of eliminating all mutualistic symbioses involving plants and other organisms (besides humans), with the goal being to preserve the most plant biomass, which of the following would you save from elimination? A) the dispersal of seeds in or on animals B) the dispersal of male gametophytes by animals C) plants harboring nitrogen-fixing bacteria D) associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids

associations between soil fungi and roots or rhizoids

If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant), then it A) belongs to a species that is homosporous. B) must be diploid. C) has lost the need for a sporophyte generation. D) has antheridia and archegonia combined into a single sex organ. E) is actually not a fern, because fern gametophytes are always either male or female.

belongs to a species that is homosporous.

Which of the following is least associated with the others? A) horizontal gene transfer B) genetic recombination C) conjugation D) transformation E) binary fission

binary fission

In this eight-year experiment, 12 populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is A) transduction. B) binary fission. C) conjugation. D) transformation. E) meiosis.

binary fission.

Which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as land plants? A) green algae B) dinoflagellates C) red algae D) brown algae E) both green algae and red algae

both green algae and red algae

In general, what is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes? A) parasitizing eukaryotes, thus causing diseases B) breaking down organic matter C) metabolizing materials in extreme environments D) adding methane to the atmosphere E) serving as primary producers in terrestrial environments

breaking down organic matter

A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga? A) red B) green C) brown D) yellow

brown

Although not present in all bacteria, this cell covering often enables cells that possess it to resist the defenses of host organisms, especially their phagocytic cells. A) endospore B) sex pilus C) cell wall D) capsule

capsule

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species? A) endospore B) sex pilus C) flagellum D) cell wall E) capsule

cell wall

In animal cells and in the meristem cells of land plants, the nuclear envelope disintegrates during mitosis. This disintegration does not occur in the cells of most protists and fungi. According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature mitosis most similar to that of land plants? A) unicellular green algae B) cyanobacteria C) charophytes D) red algae E) multicellular green algae

charophytes

Which of the following obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substancesenergy that is used, in part, to fix CO₂? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs that perform decomposition E) parasitic chemoheterotrophs

chemoautotrophs

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? A) chloroplast B) mitochondrion C) hydrogenosome D) mitosome E) Two of the responses above are correct.

chloroplast

Which process results in genetic recombination, but is separate from the process by which the population size of Paramecium increases? A) budding B) meiotic division C) mitotic division D) conjugation E) binary fission

conjugation

Given its composition and location, the phragmoplast should be directly involved in the A) segregation of daughter chromosomes during anaphase. B) poleward migration of centrosomes during prophase. C) synthesis of sporopollenin during G1 and G2 phases. D) construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis. E) reinforcement of the nuclear envelope during S phase.

construction of the cell plate during cytokinesis.

Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O₂ occurs in A) cyanobacteria. B) chlamydias. C) archaea. D) actinomycetes. E) chemoautotrophic bacteria.

cyanobacteria

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

Bacteria perform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve a symbiosis? A) skin commensalist B) decomposer C) aggregates with methane-consuming archaea D) gut mutualist E) pathogen

decomposer

Which of the following is correctly described as a primary producer? A) oomycete B) kinetoplastid C) apicomplexan D) diatom E) radiolarian

diatom

On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant? A) alternation of generations B) sporopollenin C) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes D) flagellated sperm E) embryos

embryos

All protists are A) unicellular. B) eukaryotic. C) symbionts. D) monophyletic. E) mixotrophic.

eukaryotic.

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments? A) extreme halophiles B) extreme thermophiles C) methanogens D) cyanobacteria E) nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules

extreme halophiles

If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention? A) spores B) seta C) foot D) sporangium E) peristome

foot

According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate? A) from infoldings of the plasma membrane, coupled with mutations of genes for proteins in energy-transfer reactions B) from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria C) by secondary endosymbiosis D) from the nuclear envelope folding outward and forming mitochondrial membranes E) when a protoeukaryote engaged in a symbiotic relationship with a protocell

from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria

The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of A) golden algae. B) diatoms. C) dinoflagellates. D) green algae. E) brown algae.

green algae.

In plants, which of the following are produced by meiosis? A) haploid sporophytes B) haploid gametes C) diploid gametes D) haploid spores E) diploid spores

haploid spores

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following? A) thalli B) bladders C) holdfasts D) gel-forming polysaccharides

holdfasts

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosome have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes? A) plasmolysis B) conjugation C) translation D) endocytosis E) horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

Paulinella chromatophora is one of the few cercozoans that is autotrophic, carrying out aerobic photosynthesis with its two elongated "cyanelles." The cyanelles are contained within vesicles of the host cell, and each is derived from a cyanobacterium, though not the same type of cyanobacterium that gave rise to the chloroplasts of algae and plants. A crucial photosynthetic gene of the cyanobacterium that gave rise to the cyanelle is called psaE. This gene is present in the nuclear genome of the cercozoan, but is not in the genome of the cyanelle. This is evidence of A) reciprocal mutations in the cyanelle and nuclear genomes. B) horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes. C) genetic recombination involving a protist and an archaean. D) the origin of photosynthesis in protists. E) transduction by a phage that infects both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

horizontal gene transfer from bacterium to eukaryotes.

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible? A) increase of the aboveground stem. B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients. C) increased absorption of COâ‚‚. D) increased number of chloroplasts in roots. E) effective lateral growth of the stem.

increase of the aboveground stem.

If we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would A) increase the dosage of the least-expensive antimalarial drug administered to humans. B) increase the dosage of the most common pesticide used to kill Anopheles mosquitoes. C) introduce a predator of the malarial parasite into infected humans. D) use a "cocktail" of at least three different pesticides against Anopheles mosquitoes. E) insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into Anopheles mosquitoes.

If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also A) lack antibiotic-resistant genes. B) lack a cell wall. C) lack a chromosome. D) lack water in its cytoplasm. E) be unable to survive in its normal environment.

lack antibiotic-resistant genes.

Photoautotrophs use A) light as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source. B) light as an energy source and methane as a carbon source. C) N₂ as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source. D) CO₂ as both an energy source and a carbon source. E) H₂S as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source.

light as an energy source and CO₂ as a carbon source.

All of the following are common to both charophytes and land plants except A) sporopollenin. B) lignin. C) chlorophyll a. D) cellulose. E) chlorophyll b.

lignin.

Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot result from A) transduction. B) transformation C) conjugation D) mutation. E) meiosis.

meiosis.

Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria? A) photoautotroph B) photoheterotroph C) chemoheterotroph D) chemoautotroph E) mixotroph

mixotroph

In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with A) unicellular haploid forms. B) unicellular diploid forms. C) multicellular haploid forms. D) multicellular diploid forms. E) multicellular polyploid forms.

multicellular diploid forms

Healthy individuals of Paramecium bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gathers at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae. Which term accurately describes the behavior of Paramecium species that lack zoochlorellae in an aquarium with light coming from one side only? A) positive chemotaxis B) negative chemotaxis C) positive phototaxis D) negative phototaxis

negative phototaxis

Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the A) nucleolus. B) nucleoid. C) nucleosome. D) plasmids. E) exospore

nucleoid.

Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that A) charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants. B) plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. C) alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes. D) land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. E) scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.

plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multicellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga probably belongs to which group? A) red algae B) brown algae C) green algae D) dinoflagellates E) golden algae

red algae

Which group is incorrectly paired with its description? A) rhizariansmorphologically diverse group defined by DNA similarities B) diatomsimportant producers in aquatic communities C) red algaeacquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis D) apicomplexansparasites with intricate life cycles E) diplomonadsprotists with modified mitochondria

red algaeacquired plastids by secondary endosymbiosis

The functional role of sporopollenin is primarily to A) comprise spore surface structures that catch the wind and assist in spore dispersal. B) reduce dehydration. C) make spores less dense and able to disperse more readily. D) repel toxic chemicals. E) provide nutrients to spores.

reduce dehydration.

The following are all adaptations to life on land except A) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes. B) cuticles. C) tracheids. D) reduced gametophyte generation. E) seeds.

rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes.

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of A) evolution from mitochondria. B) fusion of plastids. C) origin of the plastids from archaea. D) secondary endosymbiosis. E) budding of the plastids from the nuclear envelope.

secondary endosymbiosis.

Structurally, phragmoplasts should be most similar to A) the nuclear lamina. B) the myofilaments of muscle cells. C) the internal support structures of microvilli. D) the cytoskeletal elements that produce cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid motion. E) spindle fibers.

spindle fibers.

At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature A) microphylls. B) true roots. C) true leaves. D) sporangia. E) umbilical cells.

sporangia.

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to A) lignin. B) cellulose. C) secondary compounds. D) sporopollenin.

sporopollenin.

Which of the following characteristics helped seedless plants better adapt to life on land? A) a dominant gametophyte B) photosystem II C) a chitinous cuticle D) stomata on leaves E) an unbranched sporophyte

stomata on leaves

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants? A) similar sperm structure B) the presence of chloroplasts C) similarities in cell wall formation during cell division D) genetic similarities in chloroplasts E) similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose

the presence of chloroplasts

Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary compounds most beneficial? A) the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period B) the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period C) the association of the roots of land plants with fungi D) the rise of herbivory E) the rise of wind pollination

the rise of herbivory

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. This is because bacteria that encounter such an environment A) undergo death by plasmolysis. B) are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death. C) experience lysis. D) are obligate anaerobes. E) are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

undergo death by plasmolysis.