Bio 141 Ch3 Building Blocks of Life

The *joining* of 2 monosaccharides into disaccharides occurs as a result the _____________ reaction.

Condensation

Polymers are formed by linking monomers together through ____________________reactions.

condensation

A ______________________is composed of monomers called amino acids.

polypeptide

A protein is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains called ____________which are coiled and folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.

polypeptides

- long polymers made of monosaccharides that have been linked through dehydration reactions.

polysaccharides

Name the 2 Purines

1) Adenine 2) Guanine

3 Main parts of a Nucleotide

1) Phosphate Group 2) Sugar 3) Nitrogenous Base

H bonds btw amino and carboxyl groups of the polypeptide backbone help determine protein ____1______ structure while H bonds btw the amino acid side chains help determine protein _____2____ structure.

1) Secondary 2) Tertiary

Name the Pyrimidines

1) Thymine 2) Cytosine 3) Uracil

A double stranded DNA strand contains 26 pyrimidines. How many purines will the copied strand contain? 0 13 26 52

26

Which of the following reactions is a *hydrolysis reaction*? A + H2O → B + C A + B → C + H2O A → B + C+ H2O A + B + H2O → C

A + H2O → B + C

Below are a series of monomer-polymer pairings. Choose the pairings that correctly match the monomer constituents with the polymers they form. Select all that apply. A) amino acids : secondary structure of the polypeptide B) monosaccharides : carbohydrates C)nucleotides : DNA D)fatty acids, glycerol : triglycerides E)phosphate, sugar : nucleotide F) 4 carbon rings : steroids G) glycerol, three fatty acids : phospholipids

B) monosaccharides : carbohydrates C)nucleotides : DNA D)fatty acids, glycerol : triglycerides F) 4 carbon rings : steroids

(Dehydration synthesis) The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What is the formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration synthesis? C60 H100 O50 C60 H120 O60 C60 H111 O51 C60 H102 O51

C60 H102 O51

A protein with a quarternary structure _______ A) contains only proteins w/ B-pleated sheets B) contains only 1 polypeptide chain C) contains only proteins with A-helices D) contains 2or more polypeptide chains

D) contains 2or more polypeptide chains

Name the *3 monosaccharides*

Glucose Fructose Galactose

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) Monomers are linked together through ___________________

Dehydration Synthesis

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) The change to the color and consistency of an egg during cooking is an ex) of ____________

Denaturation

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) Using acids to cook raw fish is an ex) of ____________________

Denaturation

Which of the following is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA? A) 2 nanometers in width B) 10 base pairs per turn C) 0.34 nanometers per basepair D) 2 nanometers in width and 10 base pairs per turn E) 2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per basepair

E) 2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per basepair

- is a molecule that is commonly used as a *transport sugar* in *humans*

Glucose

Which type of interaction plays a key role in determining both the *secondary* and *tertiary* structures of a protein? Hydrophobic exclusion Van der Waals attractions Ionic Bonds H Bonds Disulfide Bridges

H Bonds

Which type of interaction plays a key role in determining both the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein?

Hydrogen Bonds

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) Breaking DNA into nucleotides involves __________________

Hydrolysis

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) The addition of H2O to break proteins into amino acids utilizes _________________

Hydrolysis

(Dehydration Synthesis /Denaturation/Hydrolysis) The separation of polymers into smaller unit utilizes _________________

Hydrolysis

The *breaking apart* of a disaccharide into 2 monosaccharides occurs as a result of the ____________ reaction.

Hydrolysis

Galactose + glucose = ______________

Lactose

Steroids and Terpenes are examples of _______________.

Lipids

Glucose + Glucose= ____________

Maltose

Denaturation disrupts the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. However, denaturation is not strong enough to disrupt what interaction that is relevant to protein structure? Peptide Bonds Hydrogen Bonds van der Waals Attraction Ionic Bonds Hydrophobic Exclusion

Peptide Bonds

-double ring bases found in DNA/RNA

Purines

- single ringed bases found in DNA/RNA

Pyrimidine

When a protein's enviorment is reestablished, some proteins may spontaneously refold back to their natural shape. What is this process called? Dissociation COndensation Denaturation Renaturation Polymerization

Renaturation

What levels of protein structure would be affected if all *hydrogen bond*ing interactions were prevented? (Check all that apply) Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

Secondary Tertiary

Individual polypeptides within a protein are referred to as which of the following? Motifs Amino Acids Subunits Monomers

Subunits

- is a molecule that is commonly used as a *transport sugar* in *plants*

Sucrose

fructose + glucose = ________

Sucrose

Name the *3 Disaccharides*

Sucrose Lactose Maltose

- type of fat that make up some components of important biological pigments `

Terpenes

Egg whites consist primarily of water and the protein albumin. When you fry an egg, why does the egg white turn from clear to white? The protein becomes dissociated. The protein acquires tertiary structure. The protein becomes denatured. The protein becomes dehydrated.

The protein becomes denatured.

Phospholipids are important molecules in cells. Considering the structure and function of phospholipids, *check all statements that apply*. They contain a glycerol backbone. The phosphate head group is polar. The molecule is an important part of cell membranes. The non-polar section attracts water molecules. They are a major form of energy storage.

They contain a glycerol backbone. The phosphate head group is polar. The molecule is an important part of cell membranes.

During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water is formed and _____________________.

a large sugar is broken down

During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule of water is broken down.and ______________________

a larger sugar is produced

A polypeptide is composed of monomers called _________.

amino acids

Proteins are made up of one or more unbranched chains of _____________

amino acids

Proteins are polymers formed of structural units called: fatty acids. amino acids. nucleotides. phosphate groups. monosaccharides.

amino acids.

What polysaccharide forms the long, *tough fibers* found in plant cell walls? cellulose starch glycogen chitin amylopectin

cellulose

When proteins are denatured, which type of bond is NOT disturbed? hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions covalent bonds ionic interactions

covalent bonds

- formation of a covalent btw 2 cysteine side chains

disulfide bridge

A monosaccharide that plays an important role in energy storage is a six-carbon sugar called: galactose. lactose. cellulose. glucose. sucrose.

glucose

Triglycerides are composed of ______________and ________________.

glycerol & fatty acids

-hydrophobic portion of the protein gather in the interior of the protein

hydrophobic exclusion

Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called: amino acids. fatty acids. nucleotides. glycerols. monosaccharides

monosaccharides

Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called ____________________.

nucleotides

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together? peptide bonds polymerizing bonds hydrogen bonds organic bonds

peptide bonds

-weak attraction btw atoms due to oppositely polarized electron clouds.

van der Waals attraction