BIO 142 Chapter 16
place the structure of CN II in order from anterior to posterior.
1. Optic Nerve 2. Optic Chiasm 3. Optic Tract
place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep.
1: choroid 2. photoreceptors 3. horizontal cells 4. bipolar cells
place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.
1: iris 2: ciliary body 3: Choroid
Gustatory cells have a _______ lifespan
7-10 day
what type of receptor detects molecules dissolved in fluid?
Chemoreceptors
place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial
External ear, middle ear and inner ear
T or F: compared to many other animals, our olfactory ability is vastly more sensitive and more highly developed.
False
What disease causes fluid buildup in the eye, dislocating the lenses?
Glaucoma
The letter A is the _______ cell
Gustatory
What type of cell is found between the photo receptors in bipolar cells?
Horizontal cells
Specific types of receptors called ________ detect stimuli in the internal organs.
Interoceptors
The ________ controls the size of the diameter of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye.
Iris
what is the structure dividing the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?
Iris
what structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?
Lens
macular degeneration occurs when the _______ degenerates.
Macula lutea
what structure is letter A
Ora serrata
where is the trans-retinal transported so that the retinal can be reconverted back to its cis formation?
Pigment epithelium
________ include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles and tendons
Proprioceptors
what are the five tastes sensations?
Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
Receptors for general senses are usually________.
Simple in structure
tactile cells are associated with ______
Tactile discs
what is the most numerous type of receptors?
Tactile receptors
We have the ability to distinguish one odor among ____________ of different ones
Thousands
Neurons in the old factory bulb travel through the olfactory ______ to the brain
Tract
which layer of the ye contains the blood and lymph vessels?
Vascular tunic
refraction of light for vision is greater as light rays pass from _______ into the ______ because the difference in the refractive index is maximal.
air, cornea
during the dark current, the ________ cells are inhibited, so the brain does not perceive light.
bipolar
when light stimulates the photoreceptors the ____ cells become depolarized and release the neurotransmitter ____
bipolar, glutamate
the process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a ________ color to _______
bluish-purple, colorless
what eye disorder causes milky vision?
cataracts
receptors that line them mucus membrane
exteroceptors
Which would stimulate somatic nociceptors?
extreme heat, pain
true or false: the regeneration of rhodopsin is slow; typically only half of the bleached rhodopsin is regenerated after about 1 minute.
false
what is the name of the outermost layer of the eye?
fibrous tunic
which are the types of papillae
fungiform, filiform, vallate, foliate
when the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the _______ cells propagate a nerve signal along the _______ nerve.
ganglion, optic
when rhodopsin is split by light stimulation, the calcium and sodium channels are also closed and this block the release of the neurotransmitter called _________.
glutamate
as a consequence of the dark current, ________ blank channels in the photoreceptor open.
glutmate
Majority of the optic track axons extend to the thalamus, specifically to the_______.
lateral geniculate nucleus
the suspensory ligaments connect the ______ capsule to the ciliary muscles.
lens
The process by which your eyes adjust from low light to bright light conditions is_________.
light adaptation
The stimulating agent is also called the______ of stimulus.
modality
accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.
more spherical
A detached retina is more likely to occur if a person is _______?
nearsighted
Where are photoreceptors located?
neural layer of the retina
Optic tracts ultimately are directed to the primary visual cortex in the ______ lobe.
occipital
A lack of photo receptors in the structure creates the "Blindspot"
optic disc
the lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the blind spot
optic disc
What is the margin between the photo sensitive and non-photosensitive regions of the retina called?
ora serrata
Where are end bulbs located
oral and nasal cavities
which structures contain exteroceptors?
oral cavity and skin
the fat surrounding the eye is called _____
orbital fat
the _________ Segment of each photoreceptor is composed of hundreds of discs containing photopigments that are capable of absorbing light energy.
outer
sphincter pupillae is controlled by the _______ division of the nervous system.
parasympathetic
the regeneration of ________, in cones occurs much more quickly than the regeneration of _______ in rods; therefore, cone cells are not as negatively affected by bright light as rods.
photopsin, rhodopsin
the process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is _______?
phototransduction
what is the space behind the lens called?
posterior cavity
an aging person would need to start wearing reading glasses they suffer from _____
presbyopia
what type of receptors makes you aware of you body positioning?
proprioceptors
which type of receptor is found in the skeletal muscles, tendon, and joint capsules,
proprioceptors
light rays are _____ when they pass through the lens and the cornea.
refracted
The lens is _______ when we are viewing close up objects
rounded
the lens is ______ when we are viewing up close objects.
rounded
what structure is the white of the eye
sclera
what structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?
sclera
in hyperopia, the eyeball is too ______ and in myopia the eyeball is too _______.
short, long
Where are mechanoreceptors located?
skin and ears
We use the sense of _______ to sample our environment fro information about the food we eat, the presence of other individuals in the room, or potential dangers.
smell
the _____ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens.
suspensory
upon exposure to light, the retinal straightens out and reconfigures into a form called______-retinal
trans
which are the characteristics of the cornea?
transparent and avascular
true or false: in cones, the bleaching reactions occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal.
true
what type of papillae is the largest and least numerous?
vallate papilla
when the photoreceptors stop _________ the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitters that bind to the receptor on the ganglion cells.
inhibiting
the ______ segment of the photoreceptors connect directly to the cell body.
inner
what is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?
choroid
the iris is continuous with the ______
ciliary body
Which is a type of tonic receptors that detect both continuous pressure and distortion of the skin?
bulbous corpuscles
Gustatory cells are______
chemoreceptors
what type of photoreceptors detect color?
cones
As we adjust to low light, our ______ becomes nonfunctional and it may take ______ for rhodopsin to become regenerated sufficiently so that you can see well in low-light conditions.
cones, 20-30 minutes
Light rays are refracted (bent) when they pass through two media of different ________.
densities
The vitreous body is also called the vitreous ________
humor
light causes the photoreceptor plasma membrane to ______.
hyperpolerize
in the eye, the _______ humor is gelatinous.
vitreous
the fovea centralis lies _______ the macula latea.
within
