BIO 142 Chapter 16

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place the structure of CN II in order from anterior to posterior.

1. Optic Nerve 2. Optic Chiasm 3. Optic Tract

place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep.

1: choroid 2. photoreceptors 3. horizontal cells 4. bipolar cells

place the structures of the vascular tunic in order from anterior to posterior.

1: iris 2: ciliary body 3: Choroid

Gustatory cells have a _______ lifespan

7-10 day

what type of receptor detects molecules dissolved in fluid?

Chemoreceptors

place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial

External ear, middle ear and inner ear

T or F: compared to many other animals, our olfactory ability is vastly more sensitive and more highly developed.

False

What disease causes fluid buildup in the eye, dislocating the lenses?

Glaucoma

The letter A is the _______ cell

Gustatory

What type of cell is found between the photo receptors in bipolar cells?

Horizontal cells

Specific types of receptors called ________ detect stimuli in the internal organs.

Interoceptors

The ________ controls the size of the diameter of the pupil and thus the amount of light entering the eye.

Iris

what is the structure dividing the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

Iris

what structure focuses incoming light onto the retina?

Lens

macular degeneration occurs when the _______ degenerates.

Macula lutea

what structure is letter A

Ora serrata

where is the trans-retinal transported so that the retinal can be reconverted back to its cis formation?

Pigment epithelium

________ include only the somatic sensory receptors within joints, muscles and tendons

Proprioceptors

what are the five tastes sensations?

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

Receptors for general senses are usually________.

Simple in structure

tactile cells are associated with ______

Tactile discs

what is the most numerous type of receptors?

Tactile receptors

We have the ability to distinguish one odor among ____________ of different ones

Thousands

Neurons in the old factory bulb travel through the olfactory ______ to the brain

Tract

which layer of the ye contains the blood and lymph vessels?

Vascular tunic

refraction of light for vision is greater as light rays pass from _______ into the ______ because the difference in the refractive index is maximal.

air, cornea

during the dark current, the ________ cells are inhibited, so the brain does not perceive light.

bipolar

when light stimulates the photoreceptors the ____ cells become depolarized and release the neurotransmitter ____

bipolar, glutamate

the process is called the bleaching reaction because rhodopsin goes from a ________ color to _______

bluish-purple, colorless

what eye disorder causes milky vision?

cataracts

receptors that line them mucus membrane

exteroceptors

Which would stimulate somatic nociceptors?

extreme heat, pain

true or false: the regeneration of rhodopsin is slow; typically only half of the bleached rhodopsin is regenerated after about 1 minute.

false

what is the name of the outermost layer of the eye?

fibrous tunic

which are the types of papillae

fungiform, filiform, vallate, foliate

when the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the _______ cells propagate a nerve signal along the _______ nerve.

ganglion, optic

when rhodopsin is split by light stimulation, the calcium and sodium channels are also closed and this block the release of the neurotransmitter called _________.

glutamate

as a consequence of the dark current, ________ blank channels in the photoreceptor open.

glutmate

Majority of the optic track axons extend to the thalamus, specifically to the_______.

lateral geniculate nucleus

the suspensory ligaments connect the ______ capsule to the ciliary muscles.

lens

The process by which your eyes adjust from low light to bright light conditions is_________.

light adaptation

The stimulating agent is also called the______ of stimulus.

modality

accommodation is the process of making the lens ______.

more spherical

A detached retina is more likely to occur if a person is _______?

nearsighted

Where are photoreceptors located?

neural layer of the retina

Optic tracts ultimately are directed to the primary visual cortex in the ______ lobe.

occipital

A lack of photo receptors in the structure creates the "Blindspot"

optic disc

the lack of photoreceptors in this structure creates the blind spot

optic disc

What is the margin between the photo sensitive and non-photosensitive regions of the retina called?

ora serrata

Where are end bulbs located

oral and nasal cavities

which structures contain exteroceptors?

oral cavity and skin

the fat surrounding the eye is called _____

orbital fat

the _________ Segment of each photoreceptor is composed of hundreds of discs containing photopigments that are capable of absorbing light energy.

outer

sphincter pupillae is controlled by the _______ division of the nervous system.

parasympathetic

the regeneration of ________, in cones occurs much more quickly than the regeneration of _______ in rods; therefore, cone cells are not as negatively affected by bright light as rods.

photopsin, rhodopsin

the process by which photoreceptors become activated when the photopigments are altered by light entering the eye is _______?

phototransduction

what is the space behind the lens called?

posterior cavity

an aging person would need to start wearing reading glasses they suffer from _____

presbyopia

what type of receptors makes you aware of you body positioning?

proprioceptors

which type of receptor is found in the skeletal muscles, tendon, and joint capsules,

proprioceptors

light rays are _____ when they pass through the lens and the cornea.

refracted

The lens is _______ when we are viewing close up objects

rounded

the lens is ______ when we are viewing up close objects.

rounded

what structure is the white of the eye

sclera

what structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic?

sclera

in hyperopia, the eyeball is too ______ and in myopia the eyeball is too _______.

short, long

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

skin and ears

We use the sense of _______ to sample our environment fro information about the food we eat, the presence of other individuals in the room, or potential dangers.

smell

the _____ ligaments connect the ciliary body to the lens.

suspensory

upon exposure to light, the retinal straightens out and reconfigures into a form called______-retinal

trans

which are the characteristics of the cornea?

transparent and avascular

true or false: in cones, the bleaching reactions occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal.

true

what type of papillae is the largest and least numerous?

vallate papilla

when the photoreceptors stop _________ the bipolar cells, the bipolar cells can then release their neurotransmitters that bind to the receptor on the ganglion cells.

inhibiting

the ______ segment of the photoreceptors connect directly to the cell body.

inner

what is the largest structure of the vascular tunic?

choroid

the iris is continuous with the ______

ciliary body

Which is a type of tonic receptors that detect both continuous pressure and distortion of the skin?

bulbous corpuscles

Gustatory cells are______

chemoreceptors

what type of photoreceptors detect color?

cones

As we adjust to low light, our ______ becomes nonfunctional and it may take ______ for rhodopsin to become regenerated sufficiently so that you can see well in low-light conditions.

cones, 20-30 minutes

Light rays are refracted (bent) when they pass through two media of different ________.

densities

The vitreous body is also called the vitreous ________

humor

light causes the photoreceptor plasma membrane to ______.

hyperpolerize

in the eye, the _______ humor is gelatinous.

vitreous

the fovea centralis lies _______ the macula latea.

within


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