Bio 155 Exam 4

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?

A virus consists of an inner core of protein surrounded by a nucleic acid.

Which of the following is not a true statement?

All cells undergo repeated cell division throughout their lifetime.

Which of the following is not true regarding cell mediated immunity?

Cell mediated immunity occurs after cells associated with antibody-mediated immunity have perforated the cell membranes of targeted cells.

Why do some physicians advise patients with a bladder infection to drink a lot of cranberry juice?

Cranberry juice makes the urine more acidic, decreasing the rate at which microorganisms can grow and reproduce.

Which of the following is characteristic of a prokaryotic cell but not a eukaryotic cell?

DNA in the form of a single closed loop

Hodgkin's disease

Epstein-Barr virus

T/F: A "stitch" in the side experience during vigorous exercise is due to the contraction of the liver as it releases additional blood into the bloodstream.

False

T/F: All tumors are cancers.

False

T/F: Because of the results of recent research, all scientists now agree that viruses should be classified as living organisms.

False

T/F: If an individual inherits genes that increase his heritable susceptibility of cancer, cancer will develop by the time he reaches adulthood.

False

T/F: Telomerase is an enzyme characteristic of normal cells that is active in DNA repair; most cancer cells have been found to lack telomerase.

False

T/F: The best time to conduct a testicular self-examination is after a cold shower when the skin of the scrotum has constricted around the testicles.

False

T/F: The first type of white blood cell to arrive at the site of an infection is the eosinophil.

False

The tumor shown in the above diagram is most likely malignant. (Cancer cells surrounded by normal cells)

False

Which of the following is not true regarding growth factors?

Structural genes code for growth factors.

Which of the following is not true regarding cervical cancer?

The risk of developing cervical cancer increases with infection by the herpes simplex virus.

Diet, including what is and what is not consumed, is believed to play a major role in determining whether or not an individual develops cancer.

True

T/F: Bacterial pathogens cause symptoms of a disease by invading host cells or by producing toxins that damage host cells.

True

T/F: Breast cancer occurs in both males and females.

True

T/F: Cancer ultimately develops due to the presence of many oncogenes which results in many disruptions in cell processes.

True

T/F: In addition to killing cancer cells, radiation therapy does result in the death of normal cells. However, unlike cancer cells, normal cells recover from exposure to the radiation more readily.

True

T/F: In some countries, there is not enough money to support the development of vaccines; those that are developed are difficult to administer. Therefore, researchers are attempting to genetically engineer bananas to produce oral vaccines, making it easier to deliver the vaccine to individuals.

True

T/F: Unlike traditional vaccines, cancer vaccines are administered to an individual after they have developed the illness.

True

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which of the following is correct?

Viruses and bacteria contain genetic material.

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

a disease caused by infection by HIV; results in irreparable damage to the immune system

Which of the following antibodies would most likely be involved with the immune response against a microorganism entering the digestive or reproductive tract? a. IgA b. IgD c. IgG d. IgM e. IgE

a. IgA

Which of the following is not correct regarding the structure of an antibody? a. an antibody is made up of two polypeptide chains linked by hydrogen bonds b. larger polypeptides making up an antibody are called heavy chaines c. the ends of the variable regions of the polypeptides in an antibody form antigen-binding sites d. each polypeptide in an antibody has a constant region and a variable region e. the polypeptides making up an antibody are connected by covalent bonds

a. an antibody is made up of two polypeptide chains linked by hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is not considered a nonspecific defense? a. cell-mediated immunity b. phagocytosis c. interferons d. the inflammatory response e. the complement system

a. cell-mediated immunity

A diet high in red meat and saturated fat increases the risk for ______ cancers. a. colon, rectum, and prostate gland b. breast and liver c. brain and lung d. lung, stomach, and liver e. colon, breast, and liver

a. colon, rectum, and prostate gland

Which of the following is true regarding photodynamic therapy? a. it involves the use of light sensitive drugs to target a cancer b. it uses magnets to attract beads coated with a chemotherapeutic drug to a cancer c. it is presently used for the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary d. it inhibits angiogenesis e. it involves the use of antibodies to deliver treatments to a cancer

a. it involves the use of light sensitive drugs to target a cancer

Which of the following types of cancer kills the highest percentage of people diagnosed with the condition? a. lung b. breast c. prostate d. skin e. colon

a. lung

Which of the following characteristics is shared by both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes? a. origin in the red bone marrow b. production of antibodies c. cell-mediated immunity d. maturation in the thymus e. type of red blood cell

a. origin in the red bone marrow

Which of the following diseases is caused by a virus? a. rabies b. lyme disease c. syphilis d. toxic shock syndrome e. tuberculosis

a. rabies

Which of the following is not true regarding the immune response? a. the immune response uses chemical and phagocytic cells to destroy foreign cells b. once initiated, the immune response provides protection for the entire body c. the key to immune response is the ability of the components involved to be able to distinguish between the body cells and foreign cells d. the immune response involves the activities of proteins, cells, and the lymphatic system e. the immune response involves the ability to "remember" exposures to pathogens in order to increase the rate of response upon subsequent infections by that pathogen

a. the immune response uses chemical and phagocytic cells to destroy foreign cells

Which of the following is not true regarding proto-oncogenes? a. they have the same function as tumor suppressor genes b. proto-oncogenes stimulate cell growth and division c. they are a type of regulatory gene d. proto-oncogenes could become oncogenes if they undergo mutations e. they promote cell differentiation

a. they have the same function as tumor suppressor genes

Memory Cells

activate the immune system when an antigen reenters the body

Which of the following is characteristic of a cell with dysplasia?

all of these: less cytoplasm loss of specialized function larger nucleus loss of specialized structures

Lupus erythematosus

an autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue

Rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disorder affecting the synovial membrane of the joints

Allergy

an inappropriate response to a nonpathogenic substance

SCID - severe combined immunodeficiency disease

an inherited disorder characterized by insufficient numbers of lymphocytes to fight an infection

Which of the following classes of antibodies activates the inflammatory response by causing the release of histamine? (This is also the rarest type of antibody.) a. IgG b. IgE c. IgD d. IgM e. IgA

b. IgE

Which of the following does not describe actinic keratosis? a. a pre-cancerous skin lesion b. an example of an extremely rare form of liver cancer c. rarely becomes a cancer d. characterized by rough, scaly skin lesions e. easily removed by scraping or freezing

b. an example of an extremely rare form of liver cancer

Which of the following is not true regarding the lymphatic system? a. lymphatic vessels have valves that keep lymph moving in one direction b. blood flows into lymphatic capillaries, is filtered, and then flows out of lymphatic capillaries c. lymph contains proteins, fats, and white blood cells d. lymphatic vessels merge to form the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct e. lymph is transported to the bloodstream

b. blood flows into lymphatic capillaries, is filtered, and then flows out of lymphatic capillaries

Which of the following white blood cells is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of viral-infected cells and cancer cells? a. natural killer cells b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. B lymphocytes e. basophils

b. eosinophils

Which of the following is not true regarding a malignant tumor? a. has the potential to kill the entire organism b. is an example of an in situ tumor c. cells do not adhere well to each other d. cells compromise normal organ function e. all of these

b. is an example of an in situ tumor

Which of the following is not true regarding the primary immune response? a. it involves recognition of an antigen b. it has a lag time of approximately 20 days c. it involves the production and proliferation of T cells d. during this response, B cells develop into plasma cells e. the amount of antibody specific to the antigen increases during this time

b. it has a lag time of approximately 20 days

How does a proto-oncogene differ from an oncogene? a. proto-oncogenes code for proteins that regulate expression of structural genes; oncogenes code for nucleic acids involved in cell division b. proto-oncogenes control normal cell division; oncogenes contribute to the development of cancer c. when oncogenes become damages, they become proto-oncogenes d. oncogenes activate tumor suppressor genes; proto-oncogenes repress tumor suppressor genes e. proto-oncogenes cause cells to self-destruct when damaged; oncogenes cause damaged cells to repair themselves

b. proto-oncogenes control normal cell division; oncogenes contribute to the development of cancer

How are antiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of cancer? a. these drugs stop the replication of DNA so cancer cells cannot reproduce b. these drugs stop the growth of blood vessels into the tumor, so the cells "starve" to death c. these drugs stop metastasis d. these drugs stimulate the immune system e. these drugs stimulate the production of free radicals, which kill cancer cells

b. these drugs stop the growth of blood vessels into the tumor, so the cells "starve" to death

Which of the following is true regarding tumor suppressor genes? a. these genes stimulate cell division b. they inhibit cell activities during times of stress c. tumor suppressor genes are effective in preventing cancer when they have undergone a mutation d. the presence of the tumor suppressor gene p53 increases the risk for breast cancer in a woman e. these genes stimulate cell growth

b. they inhibit cell activities during times of stress

Which of the following is true regarding chemotherapy? a. this technique is used in the diagnosis of cancer b. this procedure kills cancer cells and normal cells that divide rapidly c. this is the selected technique in the treatment of cancer because there are no side effects d. this is a procedure used to genetically engineer an individual so cancer will not develop e. most chemicals used in this procedure only affect one organ of the body

b. this procedure kills cancer cells and normal cells that divide rapidly

Which of the following events does not contribute to the development of a cancer? a. cells develop the ability to break away from surrounding cells b. tumor suppressor genes differentiate into proto-oncogenes c. cell division is not properly regulated d. cells no longer respond to inhibitory signals from nearby cells to cease cell division e. genes of affected cells do not function properly

b. tumor suppressor genes differentiate into proto-oncogenes

Susceptibility of an individual to infection by HIV depends primarily on the individual's:

behavior

Leukemia

benzene

Not only does smoking cause lung cancer, it also doubles the risk of which of the following types of cancer?

bladder

Which of the following is not considered a common side effect of chemotherapy?

bleeding

Which of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? a. T suppressor cell b. T memory cell c. T helper cell d. cytotoxic T cell e. both T memory cells and T suppressor cells

c. T helper cell

Which of the following is not true regarding free radicals? a. are a normal product of cell metabolism b. may play a role in causing cancer c. are normally detoxified in the nucleus of a cell d. have been found to damage DNA e. are neutralized by antioxidants

c. are normally detoxified in the nucleus of a cell

Which of the following is not true regarding a benign tumor? a. in most cases, these tumors can be successfully removed with surgery b. tumor cells are typically surrounded by a layer of connective tissue c. cells usually metastatsize d. cells of the tumor resemble those of the surrounding normal tissue e. this grouping of tumor cells remains in one location

c. cells usually metastasize

Which of the following chemicals, secreted by viral-infected cells, makes it more difficult for viruses to continue infecting other cells? a. mucus b. lysozyme c. interferon d. pyrogen e. complement

c. interferon

Which of the following is not true regarding PET? a. it results in a three dimensional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues b. it is considered an advanced imaging technique c. it uses short bursts of a magnetic field to produce cross sectional images of body tissues d. it is used in the diagnosis of tumors e. it can be used to study brain activity and heart function

c. it uses short bursts of a magnetic field to produce cross sectional images of body tissues

Which of the following is not true regarding skin cancer? a. exposure to ultraviolet radiation, even without burning, increases the risk for skin cancer b. ultraviolet B rays in sunlight cause the majority of skin cancers c. melanoma is a form of skin cancer that can easily be treated and removed d. frequent sunburns during childhood increases the risk for skin cancer later in life e. people with fair complexions are most at risk for skin cancer than those with darker complexions

c. melanoma is a form of skin cancer that can easily be treated and removed

Which of the following is not a way in which skin protects an individual from infection? a. acidic pH b. presence of keratin in uppermost layer c. production of antibodies d. pathogens shed with dead cells from the skin surface e. old skin constantly replaced and repaired with new skin

c. production of antibodies

Which of the following body fluids is not known to transmit HIV from human to human? a. blood b. semen c. saliva d. vaginal fluid e. breast milk

c. saliva

Which of the following is not true regarding the complement system? a. this system involves a group of at least 20 proteins found in the blood plasma b. during an infection, one protein in this system activates the next in a cascade of reactions c. some components of this system stimulate eosinophils to release histamine d. activated components of this system adhere to bacterial cell walls and then put holes in these cell walls e. some components of this system stick to the walls of bacterial cells, marking them for phagocytosis

c. some components of this system stimulate eosinophils to release histamine

The chance that an individual in the United States will experience some form of cancer in their lifetime is: a. 1 in 1000 b. 1 in 10 c. 1 in 1 million d. 1 in 3 e. 1 in 25

d. 1 in 3

Which of the following cells of the immune system is most likely to be directly involved in the rejection of a transplant? a. plasma cells b. eosinophils c. basophils d. T lymphocytes e. memory cells

d. T lymphocytes

When a cell cannot control its rate of cell division, it will divide faster than normal. This results in a condition known as: a. metastasis b. angiogenesis c. dysplasia d. hyperplasia e. carcinogenesis

d. hyperplasia

Which of the following chemicals released by cytotoxic T cells bores holes in the cell membrane of the target cell, causing it to fill with fluids and burst? a. lymphotoxin b. pyrogens c. gamma interferon d. perforin e. tumor necrosis factor

d. perforin

A mutated form of the p53 gene has been identified in tumors of all of the following types of cancer except: a. colon b. bladder c. breast d. stomach e. skin

d. stomach

Which of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime? a. the immune system has a hard time identifying the viruses that cause the colds b. the viruses that cause these colds constantly produce new antibodies, which cause the symptoms c. these individuals do not produce enough white blood cells d. the viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure e. the B cells of these individuals destroy their T cells

d. the viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure

Which of the following is not true regarding macrophages?

develop from B lymphocytes in response to the presence of an antigen

Which of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but not B lymphocytes?

direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

Which of the following antiviral drugs is used to cure HIV/AIDS? a. 3TC b. AZT c. d4T d. ddC e. none of these

e. none of these

Which of the following is not caused by the expression of an oncogene? a. cells grow at a faster rate than normal b. abnormal protein receptors are produced c. cells do not respond to inhibitory growth signals from neighboring cells d. cell division occurs at an increased rate e. normal cell differentiation occurs

e. normal cell differentiation occurs

Bodily fluids such as vomit, urine, mucus, and tears are used as nonspecific defense mechanisms to clear tissues of invading pathogens.

false

When considering transfusions or transplants, it is more difficult to match blood than to match tissue types because blood cells have more self-markers on their surface.

false

Lymph nodes

filters microorganisms and cellular debris from lymph

Tonsils

filters out microorganisms that enter the throat by food or air

cancer of the stomach

helicobacter pylori

cervical cancer

human papilloma virus

cancer of the cervix or penis

human papillomavirus

HIV is classified as a retrovirus because:

it makes a DNA copy of its RNA once inside the host cell.

Which of the following is not true regarding squamous cell cancer?

least common of the three main forms of skin cancer

Cytotoxic T Cells

migrate through blood and lymph, directly attacking and destroying foreign cells

Which of the following would result in passive immunity?

movement of antibodies across the placenta from mother to child

Lung cancer

radon

colon cancer

red meat and saturated animal fat

Spleen

removes microorganisms and old red blood cells from the blood

Thymus

secretes hormones important in the maturation of T cells

Helper T Cells

stimulate the immune system by secreting lymphokines and interleukins; they activate B lymphocytes

Suppressor Cells

stop the immune response once the antigen has been removed from the body

According to the Current Issue, "in Africa, AIDS is out of control." Why?

the economies are weak

Which of the following lymphatic system organs is located in the throat and is important in filtering out microorganisms that enter this area via food or air?

tonsils

Lymphatic vessel

transports lymph in the body

In African nations, HIV testing is not required; also, other diseases endemic to the continent have symptoms that are similar to those of HIV infection. Therefore, it is difficult to identify people with HIV infection/AIDS.

true

The most important aspect in the treatment of cancer is that the cancer be diagnosed as early as possible. Early detection of cancer increases the chance that treatment will be successful.

true

skin cancer

ultraviolet light

Which of the following is not classified as a carcinogen?

unsaturated fats

Which of the following types of pathogens is the smallest?

viruses