BIO 163 EXAM 2

diaphragm

a major muscle that helps to regulate the volume of the lungs that is located at the bottom of the ribcage

respiratory systems two major functional divisions

air conducting, respiratory

how do we make sounds?

air forced between vocal cords = sound

larynx

also known as the voice box

The tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles are called ____________.

alveoli

the respiratory membrane is a union of...

alveolus and capillary

pharynx

an automatic space that connects the nasal and oral cavity connect to esophagus or larynx - funnel shaped organ

macrophages

cells in the alveoli that help with the immune system - romaning alveolar macrophages patrol for anything that eluded upper respiratory defenses

epithelial cells (innermost lining of trachea) have slender extensions called..

cilia - help cleanse - filter air - trap larger particles and transport them in an upward motion towards the larynx & oral cavity so we can spit it out -- process called "mucocillary escalator"

lymphatic vessels of the lungs

collected filtered interstitial fluid at capillaries

the nasal cavity of the mucous membrane consists of...

columnar epithelium & goblet cells

nasal cavity of mucous membrane (columnar epithelium)

columnar epithelium is connected to lamina propria (areolar tissue) - have extensions called cilia that help to trap debris and pathogens - simple = 1 layer

nasal cavity of the mucous membrane (globlet cells)

contains globlet cells (mucous cells) between epithelial cells

major alar cartilage

curved cartilage that comprises the tip of the nose

volume and pressure are __ proportional, when volume increases the pressure decreases.

inversely

lower respiratory tract

trachea bronchi alveoli - bronchi and alveoli make up the lungs (in the thoracic cavity)

what is the purpose of c-shape of the esophagus?

trachea sits in front of the esophagus, we do not want cartilage rubbing up against the esophagus because with each swallow we would have major abrasion the cartilage

As air enters the nasal cavity, what are important first steps to prepare the air for ultimate gas exchange? Choose all that apply. - cleanse the air - humidify the air - warm the air - remove the oxygen

- cleanse the air - humidify the air - warm the air

trachea

- flexible tube, carried air from larynx to lungs - located anterior to the esophagus posterior to the heart - c shaped cartilage rings provide structure, connected by smooth muscle (doesn't cover the whole trachea)

what sinuses are there?

- frontal sinuses - sphenoid sinus - ethmoid air cells - maxillary sinus

3 regions of pharynx

- oropharynx - nasopharynx -laryngopharynx

respiratory zone

- thin walled simple squamous epithelium - allows gas exchange with blood - smooth muscle only in bronchioles - single layer in alveoli

purpose of nasal sinuses

1. reduce the weight of the skull 2. increase resonance of our voice 3. sinuses help with the filtering, warming, and humidifying of our air

how many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

10

left lung has __ lobes

2

right lung has __ lobes

3

if there is a disease in one bronchopulomary segment would it be able to spread into another one?

NO!

mucous membrane line the majority of the respiratory except...

in gas exchange structures

organizational chart of bronchial from trachea

1. 1st bronchi 2. 2nd bronchi 3. 3rd bronchi 4. bronchioles 5. terminal bronchioles 6. respiratory bronchioles 7. alveoli duct 8. alveoli

as the air enters the nasal cavity, what are important first steps to prepare the air for ultimate gas exchange?

1. cleanse (debris, pathogens, dust) 2. warm (cold air can be damaging to the bronchioles) 3. humidify

if you are talking or laughing while eating, the epiglottis might not seal off the trachea tightly (because you need air passage to talk) and food may accidentally enter the trachea. In this case, the body responds by coughing to expel the food from the trachea. If it is not expelled, the solid material may damage the...

delicate bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs.

Blood leaving the heart and traveling toward the lungs is _____.

deoxygenated

Pulmonary arteries carry ______________ blood

deoxygenated

where are the olfactory receptors?

embedded in the nasal mucosa (nasal cavity of the mucous membrane) - they help you smell

A flap of cartilage called the ______ helps to protect the trachea so food typically does not enter that passage (the trachea)

epiglottis

what two tissue types make up membranes in our body? a. loose connective/osseous b. epithelial/loose connective c. muscle/epithelial d. osseous/muscle

epithelial/loose connective

In normal function, food will pass down the _____ and NOT the trachea.

esophagus

t/f It is normal for food to pass down the trachea.

false

why is there a lack of cartilage in bronchioles and subsequent structures?

for gas change

what is the main function of the lungs?

gas exchange

external respiration

gas exchange at lungs

internal respiration

gas exchange at the body tissues

main function of respiratory system

gas exchange of the body

cilia

help trap debris and pathogens - helps filter the air - does so by using mucous produced by globlet cells - mucous holds particles in place so we do not inhale them..particles are hopefully leaving as we exhale

In the lungs, the capillaries beds are ____ in carbon dioxide and the alveoli are ___ in carbon dioxide, so oxygen diffuses into the blood.

high, low

paransal sinuses

hollow spaces in cranial bones lined with respiratory epithelium and connected to the nasal cavity - lined with mucous membrane - columnar epithelial cells, cilia, globlet cells all present

lateral cartilage

it is lateral to the septal cartilage

which structure divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

larynx (voice box)

air conducing system anatomy

larynx, trachea, bronchi, until the smallest bronchioles

Comparing a structure of a primary bronchus to a tertiary bronchi , do you expect to find more or less cartilage in the tertiary bronchi? - more - less - about the same

less

What two tissue types make up membranes in our body? - loose connective/osseous - loose connective/areolar - loose connective/epithelial - adipose/muscle

loose connective/epithelial

In the lungs, the capillaries beds are ____ in oxygen and the alveoli are ___ in oxygen, so oxygen diffuses into the blood.

low,high

what do globlet cells in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity do?

makes mucous to humidify air and trap debris or pathogens (cleansing), - mucous is transported up into the cilia

conducting zone

mucosa-lined, allows no gas change with blood - made up of hyaline cartilage THICK WALLED - includes everything before respiratory bronchioles - supported by cartilage and smooth muscle *** transport of respiratory gases (O2, CO2)

intercostal muscle

muscles located between the ribs that help expand the ribcage

upper respiratory tract

nasal cavity oral cavity pharynx larynx - paransal sinuses

the ____ and ____ cleanse, warm and humidify the air that enters the body

nasal cavity, pharynx

Given that the function of the conducting and respiratory zones differ, do you expect to find cilia in the respiratory zone? yes no

no, the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange one must be thing to promote efficient gas exchange

at what structure does the air conducting zone begin and end?

nose to terminal bronchioles

How many cells layers is the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange system? - one cell layer - two cell layers - three cell layers - many cell layers

one cell layer

After entering through the nasal or oral cavity, where will air travel next? - larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - pharynx

pharynx

The structure where the nasal cavity and oral cavity connect at the back of the throat is called the ___________.

pharynx

after entering through the nasal or oral cavity, where will it travel next? a. larynx b. trachea c. pharynx d. esophagus

pharynx

because of what connection if you drink some milk and then start laughing, milk can come out of your nose?

pharynx connection from the nasal cavity and oral cavity

minor alar cartilage

portion in the back that is lateral to the lateral cartilage and posterior to the major alar cartilage

elastin

protein that causes the alveoli to "snap back" to their original size

besides bronchi and alveoli, what other tissue make up our lungs?

pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue (the cement of the lungs), nervous tissue (controls automatic nervous system, regulated oxygen, and carbon, gives reflexes like coughing)

at what structure does the respiratory zone begin and end?

respiratory bronchiole to alveoli

gas exchange occurs at the _______

respiratory membrane - the union of the alveolus and capillary wall

where do more inhaled particles end up more frequently in the trachea and primary bronchi? - right primary bronchus - left primary bronchus

right primary bronchus

septal cartilage

runs along the bridge of the nose connecting to the nasal bone. - is continuous internally - forms the septum between the two nasal cavities - divides the nose into right and left nasal cavities

type II alveolar cells

secrete surfactant which prevents cells from sticking together as we exhale

What type of epithelium do you expect to find in the respiratory zone? - stratified squamous - simple squamous

simple squamous

alveoli

site of gas exchange

concha

stirs the air, increasing contact with mucous membrane - warms air - filters it

the respiratory membrane in the pharynx consist of _____ to help protect from friction/abrasion

stratified squamous epithelium

The pharynx is a unique structure of the respiratory tract because it is a shared space for air and ingested food. How does this function affect the epithelial layer of the pharynx? - the cells become stratified to protect from friction - the cells become a single layer to help with transport - the cells become fenestrated to help with transport - there is not mucous produced by cells in the pharynx

the cells become stratified to protect from friction

bronchi

the entry into the lungs and split the primary to secondary into tertiary bronchi

opening of the epiglottis is called..

the glottis

ventilation

the process of transporting gasses into and out of the lungs

During inhalation, air would pass through the given structures in which order? - pharynx to trachea to terminal bronchiole to secondary bronchus - trachea to tertiary bronchus to respiratory bronchiole to terminal bronchiole to alveolar duct - trachea to primary bronchus to terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct - alveoli to alveolar duct to respiratory bronchiole to terminal bronchiole to tertiary bronchus to primary bronchus to trachea

trachea to primary bronchus to terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchiole to alveolar duct

main goal of conduction zone

transport (O2 CO2

t/f An increase in the volume of our lungs causes inhalation.

true

t/f As the respiratory tree reaches toward the gas exchange zone, the cartilage will decrease until it is no longer present in the bronchioles.

true

t/f abducted cords (open glottis) generate a low pitch

true

t/f adducted cords (closed glottis) generate a high pitch

true

t/f because of shared passageway for food and air, the epiglottis helps direct food away from the trachea toward esophagus

true

t/f each alveoli is associated with a capillary bed

true

t/f each lobe of the lung is subdivided into separate independent units referred to as bronchopulmonary segments

true

t/f larynx, trachea and bronchi provide a passage way for air to travel to the alveoli of the lungs where gas exchange occurs

true

t/f the alveolus consists primarily of simple squamous epithelium cells that make a very thin "sac" or "balloon" (type 1 alveolar cells)

true

t/f the pharynx is a shared space

true

t/f the respiratory membrane separates the air and blood

true

t/f the respiratory system (main function of gas exchange) requires VENTILATION of lungs (inhalation/exhalation process) and conduction (transport) of air the respiratory membrane

true

t/f the respiratory membrane is 2 cell layers thick

true - capillary epithelium and alveolus squamous cell

what are the vocal folds called?

true vocal cords

cellular respiration

use of oxygen by cells for metabolism and accompanying production of carbon dioxide

nose hairs

vibrissae - filter large debris from air

in the mucous membrane of the gas exchange structure... bronchioles, alveoli's are now simple squamous epithelium in order to help..

with gas exchange

can surgeons cut off a portion of your lung without affecting the other portions?

yes, because of the independent bronchopulmonary units