bio 164 lab practical

common hepatic duct

large bile duct leading from liver; joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Tidal volume (TV)

normal, relaxed breathing pattern 500mL

Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

once filtrate produced -> collected here

renal cortex (of kidney)

outer region of the kidney - layer underneath renal capsule

visceral pleura

outside wall of the lungs lined by CT

hypoatremia

over hydration, resulting in low salt concentration in the blood

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

part of renal tubule composed of descending and ascending loop, responsible for reabsorption of water, Na+, CL-, secrete H+

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

why might someone with advanced urinary tract infection feel back pain

An untreated bladder infection can spread to the kidneys. Signs of this include: Pain on either side of the lower back.Jan

EP: hemoglobin saturation

Hb: protein on RBC delivers O2 and Co2 to the body - has 4 subunits

renal pelvis

broad and funnel shaped -it is at the median border of each kidney

to exit the small intestines (ileum) food must pass through____ to get to the cecum (large intestine)

ileocecal valve

CO2 clearance formula

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O2 consumption formula

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anatomy of respiratory system

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location of abdominal organs

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forced vital cacpity (FVC)

volume of air you can exhale after a max inhalation.

hematuria

when blood cells are pressing in the urine - appearance of blood in urine indicates kidney damage or an infection

regulate breathing the body monitors

- O2 -CO2 -pH (H+ concentration)

DCT hormones

- aldosterone: increases salt reabsorption - anti-diuretic hormone(ADH) increases water reabsorption

if carbon dioxide levels drop too low

- decrease in H+ - hypocapnia: too little CO2 - alkalosis: basic blood, greater than 7.35

if carbon dioxide levels rise too high

- production of H+ increases - hypercapnia: too much CO2 - acidosis: acidic blood, less than 7.35

cardiovascular response: 2. vasoconstriction and vasodilation

- sympathetic input= vasoconstriction in peripheral arterioles - raise BP and help direct blood flow to exercising muscle and divert blood flow from the digestive and urinary system vasodilation in skeletal muscles - increased BF at rest: 21% of CO but 88% of CO in exercise

transverse cross section not labeled and flipped

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transverse cross section labeled

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flow of bile

-Bile leaves the liver through right & left hepatic ducts - both flow into common hepatic duct - stored in gallbladder flow into cystic duct - both CHD and cystic duct form common bile duct - CBD to pancreatic duct

renal column (kidney)

-areas between pyramids -singular* - contain blood vessels and act to anchor the renal cortex

EP lab: cardiovascular responses

1. Cardiac output 2. vasoconstriction and vasodilation 3. blood returning to the heart 4. blood pressure

Boyles law

as volume decreases pressure increases AND as volume increases pressure decreases

glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. -leaky

collecting duct

A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream.

large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces parts 1. cecum 2.ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon then to rectum and anus

small intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place 1. duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Mesentery and peritoneal spaces

Lesser omentum- thin. Greater omentum- large sac/ anchors organs Parietal peritoneum- body wall (closest to surface) Visceral peritoneum- surround organs Mesentery- small intestine

excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

renal capsule (kidney)

Protects and maintains kidneys shape. Deepest layer - fibrous tissue

secretion

a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.

reabsorption

body reclaims the useful things pin filtrate it needs too maintain homeostasis

peripheral chemoreceptors are located

carotid and aortic bodies

stomach

contains an acidic solution and muscular walls to continue to brake down food chemically and mechanically regions: - cardiac region (around esophagus) - funds (superior third) -body (main portion) -pyloric region (inferior tip)

diaphragm

contracts and relaxes to crease a change in lung volume

kidney function

filter blood and produce urine

fluid leaves the glomerulus

filtrate - composed of blood w/o formed element soft blood (RBC, WBC, platelets) and most proteins

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients - where 60% ions, organic nutrients, and water are reabsorbed

nephron

functional unit of a kidney

renal corpuscle

glomerulus and glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule)

EP: temperature and gas exhalation response due to metabolism

increase demand for energy and metabolic reactions ramp up to fuel muscle cells to function during exercise 1. temperature changes - increase to 0-42 C compared to rest 37 C - evaporative cooling: sweat - convective cooling: blood vessel vasodilation 2. metabolic changes - CO2 clearance increase (R: 0.5-2% // E: 3-5%) -O2 consumption increase (btw 20-15%)

cardiovascular response: 1 Cardiac output

increase from 5 L.min to 20 L/min in a healthy participant and 40 L/min in trained athlete - decreased parasympathetic system activity allows the heart to start to increase form 70->100 bpm in healthy person - increase in HR over 100 bpm attributed to the sympathetic nerve communicating with the heart

obstructive diseases

increased airway resistance makes expiration difficult ex: COPD, asthma - FEV1 decreases more than FVC, so FEV1/FVC ration decreases -TLC increases

cardiovascular response: 4.blood pressure changes

increases slightly - MAP will approx 90 mmHg -slight increase to 100-110mmHg

greater curvature

inferior border of the stomach

volume of alveoli

intrapulmonary space

renal papilla (kidney)

iron leaves the medulla it drains into here - at the top of each renal pyramid

hyperpnea

is increased ventilation due to exercise - BR matches body's needs

TLC: tota lung capacity

is the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration ( = vital capacity + residual volume)

FVC: forced vital capacity

is the volume of air you can exhale after a max inhalation

FEV1: forced expiratory volume

is the volume of air you can exhale in 1 second, after max inhalation

restrictive diseases

lungs and chest aren't able to stretch and reduces inspiration ex: fibrotic lung disease, asbestosis - FVC more likely to be reduced than FEV1, so FEV1/FVC ratio higher than normal - TLC decreases

sphygomomanometer (stethoscope)

measures blood pressure

renal medulla (kidney)

middle layer of the kidney that sits below the cortex

hyperventilation

more air than necessary entering alveoli, causing hypocapnia and alkalosis

spleen

no role in digestion, but is in abdomen - filters blood (immune system)

when the chest volume increases, alveolar pressure_____ and air flows______ the respiratory system

pressure falls air flow into

when the chest volume decreases, the alveolar pressure_____ and air flows______ into the atmosphere

pressure rises air flows out

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the lungs

intrapleural pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

liver

produces bile - right and left lobes

food must pass through the ____ to leave the stomach

pyloric sphincter

proteinuria

the presence of protein in urine - associated w kidney damage and muscle breakdown

urine flows

renal papilla renal calyx renal pelvis ureters urinary bladder urethra

central chemoreceptors function

respond to changes in the concentration of H+ in the CSF bathing the brain. CO2 and H+ concentration closely related

pancreatic duct

runs the length of the pancreas and empties into the duodenum

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

segment of the nephron between the nephron loop and the collecting duct known as the hormone sensitive segment

peripheral chemoreceptors function:

sense changes in the O2, pH, and CO2 of the plasma in carotid arteries and aorta

proprioreceptors

sensing movement send info from the limbs to the CNS and communicate to the RCR in the medulla to increase breathing rate and depth typical: 12 breaths per minute TV: 500 mL (0.5 L per breath) depth: 45 breaths per minute/ 1 L per breath

atmospheric pressure

the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura - visceral and parietal pleura are continuous w one another and surround each lung, creating a separate compartment for each lung

lesser curvature

superior border of the stomach

evaporative cooling

sweating to maintain homeostasis

vital capacity (VC)

the largest volume of air that you could move through your lungs

Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:

the medulla

total lung capacity (TLC)

the total volume of your lungs, including the residual volume

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

the volume of air remaining in your lungs that you could still exhale at the end of a normal exhalation

functional residual volume (FRV)

the volume of air remaining in your lungs, including the residual volume, following normal exhalation

residual volume (RV)

the volume of air that remains after a max exhalation - the volume cannot be measured directly, bc the lungs would collapse without the residual volume

expiratory capacity (EC)

the volume of air that you could exhale after a normal inhalation

inspiratory capacity (IC)

the volume of air that you could inhale after an normal exhalation

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

the volume of air that you could still inhale after normal inhalation

hypoventilation

too little air entering alveoli, causing hypercapnia and acidosis

renal pyramids (kidney)

triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney -subdivisions of kidney

byproduct of kidney filtration

urine

renal calyx (kidney)

urine from the renal paella then drains into here - flows from here to renal pelvis

convective cooling

vasodilation of the cutaneous (skin) blood vessels will increase