bio 164 lab practical
common hepatic duct
large bile duct leading from liver; joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Tidal volume (TV)
normal, relaxed breathing pattern 500mL
Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)
once filtrate produced -> collected here
renal cortex (of kidney)
outer region of the kidney - layer underneath renal capsule
visceral pleura
outside wall of the lungs lined by CT
hypoatremia
over hydration, resulting in low salt concentration in the blood
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
part of renal tubule composed of descending and ascending loop, responsible for reabsorption of water, Na+, CL-, secrete H+
residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
why might someone with advanced urinary tract infection feel back pain
An untreated bladder infection can spread to the kidneys. Signs of this include: Pain on either side of the lower back.Jan
EP: hemoglobin saturation
Hb: protein on RBC delivers O2 and Co2 to the body - has 4 subunits
renal pelvis
broad and funnel shaped -it is at the median border of each kidney
to exit the small intestines (ileum) food must pass through____ to get to the cecum (large intestine)
ileocecal valve
CO2 clearance formula
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O2 consumption formula
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anatomy of respiratory system
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location of abdominal organs
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forced vital cacpity (FVC)
volume of air you can exhale after a max inhalation.
hematuria
when blood cells are pressing in the urine - appearance of blood in urine indicates kidney damage or an infection
regulate breathing the body monitors
- O2 -CO2 -pH (H+ concentration)
DCT hormones
- aldosterone: increases salt reabsorption - anti-diuretic hormone(ADH) increases water reabsorption
if carbon dioxide levels drop too low
- decrease in H+ - hypocapnia: too little CO2 - alkalosis: basic blood, greater than 7.35
if carbon dioxide levels rise too high
- production of H+ increases - hypercapnia: too much CO2 - acidosis: acidic blood, less than 7.35
cardiovascular response: 2. vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- sympathetic input= vasoconstriction in peripheral arterioles - raise BP and help direct blood flow to exercising muscle and divert blood flow from the digestive and urinary system vasodilation in skeletal muscles - increased BF at rest: 21% of CO but 88% of CO in exercise
transverse cross section not labeled and flipped
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transverse cross section labeled
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flow of bile
-Bile leaves the liver through right & left hepatic ducts - both flow into common hepatic duct - stored in gallbladder flow into cystic duct - both CHD and cystic duct form common bile duct - CBD to pancreatic duct
renal column (kidney)
-areas between pyramids -singular* - contain blood vessels and act to anchor the renal cortex
EP lab: cardiovascular responses
1. Cardiac output 2. vasoconstriction and vasodilation 3. blood returning to the heart 4. blood pressure
Boyles law
as volume decreases pressure increases AND as volume increases pressure decreases
glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. -leaky
collecting duct
A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream.
large intestine
Absorbs water and forms feces parts 1. cecum 2.ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon then to rectum and anus
small intestine
Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place 1. duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
Mesentery and peritoneal spaces
Lesser omentum- thin. Greater omentum- large sac/ anchors organs Parietal peritoneum- body wall (closest to surface) Visceral peritoneum- surround organs Mesentery- small intestine
excretion
Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
renal capsule (kidney)
Protects and maintains kidneys shape. Deepest layer - fibrous tissue
secretion
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
reabsorption
body reclaims the useful things pin filtrate it needs too maintain homeostasis
peripheral chemoreceptors are located
carotid and aortic bodies
stomach
contains an acidic solution and muscular walls to continue to brake down food chemically and mechanically regions: - cardiac region (around esophagus) - funds (superior third) -body (main portion) -pyloric region (inferior tip)
diaphragm
contracts and relaxes to crease a change in lung volume
kidney function
filter blood and produce urine
fluid leaves the glomerulus
filtrate - composed of blood w/o formed element soft blood (RBC, WBC, platelets) and most proteins
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients - where 60% ions, organic nutrients, and water are reabsorbed
nephron
functional unit of a kidney
renal corpuscle
glomerulus and glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule)
EP: temperature and gas exhalation response due to metabolism
increase demand for energy and metabolic reactions ramp up to fuel muscle cells to function during exercise 1. temperature changes - increase to 0-42 C compared to rest 37 C - evaporative cooling: sweat - convective cooling: blood vessel vasodilation 2. metabolic changes - CO2 clearance increase (R: 0.5-2% // E: 3-5%) -O2 consumption increase (btw 20-15%)
cardiovascular response: 1 Cardiac output
increase from 5 L.min to 20 L/min in a healthy participant and 40 L/min in trained athlete - decreased parasympathetic system activity allows the heart to start to increase form 70->100 bpm in healthy person - increase in HR over 100 bpm attributed to the sympathetic nerve communicating with the heart
obstructive diseases
increased airway resistance makes expiration difficult ex: COPD, asthma - FEV1 decreases more than FVC, so FEV1/FVC ration decreases -TLC increases
cardiovascular response: 4.blood pressure changes
increases slightly - MAP will approx 90 mmHg -slight increase to 100-110mmHg
greater curvature
inferior border of the stomach
volume of alveoli
intrapulmonary space
renal papilla (kidney)
iron leaves the medulla it drains into here - at the top of each renal pyramid
hyperpnea
is increased ventilation due to exercise - BR matches body's needs
TLC: tota lung capacity
is the volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration ( = vital capacity + residual volume)
FVC: forced vital capacity
is the volume of air you can exhale after a max inhalation
FEV1: forced expiratory volume
is the volume of air you can exhale in 1 second, after max inhalation
restrictive diseases
lungs and chest aren't able to stretch and reduces inspiration ex: fibrotic lung disease, asbestosis - FVC more likely to be reduced than FEV1, so FEV1/FVC ratio higher than normal - TLC decreases
sphygomomanometer (stethoscope)
measures blood pressure
renal medulla (kidney)
middle layer of the kidney that sits below the cortex
hyperventilation
more air than necessary entering alveoli, causing hypocapnia and alkalosis
spleen
no role in digestion, but is in abdomen - filters blood (immune system)
when the chest volume increases, alveolar pressure_____ and air flows______ the respiratory system
pressure falls air flow into
when the chest volume decreases, the alveolar pressure_____ and air flows______ into the atmosphere
pressure rises air flows out
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure within the lungs
intrapleural pressure
pressure within the pleural cavity
liver
produces bile - right and left lobes
food must pass through the ____ to leave the stomach
pyloric sphincter
proteinuria
the presence of protein in urine - associated w kidney damage and muscle breakdown
urine flows
renal papilla renal calyx renal pelvis ureters urinary bladder urethra
central chemoreceptors function
respond to changes in the concentration of H+ in the CSF bathing the brain. CO2 and H+ concentration closely related
pancreatic duct
runs the length of the pancreas and empties into the duodenum
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
segment of the nephron between the nephron loop and the collecting duct known as the hormone sensitive segment
peripheral chemoreceptors function:
sense changes in the O2, pH, and CO2 of the plasma in carotid arteries and aorta
proprioreceptors
sensing movement send info from the limbs to the CNS and communicate to the RCR in the medulla to increase breathing rate and depth typical: 12 breaths per minute TV: 500 mL (0.5 L per breath) depth: 45 breaths per minute/ 1 L per breath
atmospheric pressure
the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere
pleural cavity
space between the folds of the pleura - visceral and parietal pleura are continuous w one another and surround each lung, creating a separate compartment for each lung
lesser curvature
superior border of the stomach
evaporative cooling
sweating to maintain homeostasis
vital capacity (VC)
the largest volume of air that you could move through your lungs
Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla provide feedback to increase the rate and depth of breathing when they sense:
the medulla
total lung capacity (TLC)
the total volume of your lungs, including the residual volume
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
the volume of air remaining in your lungs that you could still exhale at the end of a normal exhalation
functional residual volume (FRV)
the volume of air remaining in your lungs, including the residual volume, following normal exhalation
residual volume (RV)
the volume of air that remains after a max exhalation - the volume cannot be measured directly, bc the lungs would collapse without the residual volume
expiratory capacity (EC)
the volume of air that you could exhale after a normal inhalation
inspiratory capacity (IC)
the volume of air that you could inhale after an normal exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the volume of air that you could still inhale after normal inhalation
hypoventilation
too little air entering alveoli, causing hypercapnia and acidosis
renal pyramids (kidney)
triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney -subdivisions of kidney
byproduct of kidney filtration
urine
renal calyx (kidney)
urine from the renal paella then drains into here - flows from here to renal pelvis
convective cooling
vasodilation of the cutaneous (skin) blood vessels will increase