Bio 172

An average male with the tidal volume (TV) of 0.5 liters has a respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute. If a male with an average tidal volume was suffering from severe pain due to a fractured rib and could only take shallow breaths with a TV of 0.2 liters, what respiratory rate (breaths) per minute would be required to achieve the same volume per minute as before?

50

A researcher studying a tree species observed the maximum life span of the species was about 80 years. Each year, a single tree can produce thousands of seeds, but the population size in the region of study has remained very stable at around 350 for over ten years. What do these data suggest about the survivorship curve that would best describe this population? Explain your reasoning.

A Type III survivorship curve because most of the seeds die so only a few seeds ever germinate and survive to adulthood, but once they do, they are likely to continue to survive until they reach the maximal life span.

Which of the following correctly pairs a behavior with an example of that behavior?

A butterfly uses innate behavior to migrate thousands of miles to mate.

What is the nature of the oogonium and the secondary oocyte? Which process results in the formation of the secondary oocyte?

A diploid oogonium forms a haploid oocyte by the process of meiosis.

Why would a saltwater fish likely create more concentrated urine than a freshwater fish?

A freshwater fish is constantly trying to remove water from its body.

How do arteries differ from veins?

Arteries have thicker smooth muscle layers to accommodate the changes in pressure from the heart.

How is a clumped population distribution beneficial for prey animals?

Being a member of a larger group provides protection for each individual from predators.

Compare the age structure for Stage 4 to that of Stage 3. What changes in population growth would have to occur for a shift from Stage 3 to Stage 4?

Birth rates decline in Stage 4 compared to Stage 3, but death rates remain the same.

In what ways are the subtropical desert and the arctic tundra similar?

Both are characterized by low water availability and, as a result, low net primary productivity.

Botulinum toxin causes flaccid paralysis of the muscles, and is used for cosmetic purposes under the name Botox. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action of Botox?

Botox decreases the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons.

Which of the following directly attack and destroy abnormal (tumor or viral-infected) cells and foreign cells?

Cytotoxic T-cells

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin (EPO) is true?

Elevated EPO levels enhance oxygen delivery to muscles.

Is exhalation an active or passive event? Why?

Exhalation is a passive event because no muscles are contracted to expel air.

Explain why hormones are able to travel through the body but only affect certain cells.

Hormones only affect cells that have corresponding hormone receptors.

What function does the diversity of the variable region of an antibody help it perform?

It enables many different antibodies to be made that all have different specificities of binding.

The majority of carbon dioxide molecules (85 percent) are carried as part of the bicarbonate buffer system. Why is the bicarbonate system referred to as a buffer system?

It resists changes in the pH of blood.

Why is broadcast spawning considered advantageous?

It results in mixing of genes and greater genetic diversity.

How would paralysis of the diaphragm alter inspiration?

It would prevent inhalation because the intrapleural pressure would not change.

Which of the following statements about T cells is false?

MHC II is a receptor found on most body cells, while MHC I is a receptor found only on immune cells.

What are Malpighian tubules and which organism possesses them?

Malpighian tubules are organs that filter waste from hemolymph in cockroaches.

Because of a concentration of ________¬¬¬_____, the fingertips and lips are capable of discriminating touch.

Merkel's disks

Chaparral

Midlatitude coastal ecosystems with highly seasonal precipitation and dominated by shrubs and small trees.

Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle. It is caused by an imbalance in the activity of which cells?

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Which of the following hormones is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

Progesterone - shedding of endometrial lining of uterus

Blood pressure and blood volume are increased by the production of the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. Describe how renin promotes release of ADH and aldosterone.

Renin cleaves angiotensinogen.

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females.

If a person has blood type AB/Rh-, what antibodies will be found in the blood?

Rh antibodies

Sandra wants to get pregnant but learns that she does not produce a sufficient amount of prolactin. Describe how her reproductive abilities will be affected.

She will be unable to produce milk.

Which of the following events would not negatively impact Yellowstone's grey wolf carrying capacity?

Snow in winter

A high ankle sprain is an injury caused by over-stretching the ligaments connecting the tibia and fibula. What type of joint is involved in this sprain?

Syndesmosis

Why is the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) considered a hormonal stimulus?

TSH triggers the production of T3 and T4.

A model created in 1980 using the Milankovitch cycles to predict future climate changes stated, "...the long-term cooling trend of the last 6,000 years will continue for the next 23,000 years." What can be concluded about using Milankovitch cycles to predict future climate?

The Milankovitch cycles fail to consider the impact of human activity on climate change.

How is the structure of compact bone well-suited for the types of stress that areas composed of compact bone receive?

The alignment of osteons in the same direction of typical stress within compact bone allows the bone to resist bending or fracturing.

A satellite is launched into space, but explodes after exiting the Earth's atmosphere. Which statement accurately reflects the observations made by an astronaut on a space walk outside the International Space Station during the explosion?

The astronaut would see the explosion, but would not hear a boom.

Planaria are flatworms that live in fresh water. Their excretory system, or protonephridia, consists of two tubules connected to a highly branched tube system. The intake end of the tubes contain cilia that propel waste matter down the tubules and out of the body through excretory pores that open on the body surface. Cilia also draw water from the interstitial fluid, allowing for filtration. Any valuable metabolites are recovered by reabsorption. What structure in the human kidneys most closely resembles the highly branched tube system of the protonephridia, and why?

The convoluted tubule, because it facilitates the exchange of nutrients with the blood

What is the main difference between the male and female skeleton?

The female skeleton has a wider pubic angle and a larger diameter pelvic canal.

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?

The growth rate will approach zero.

How would you define "resting membrane potential?"

The resting membrane potential is the difference in voltage between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell that occurs when a neuron is at rest.

Suppose a batch of yeast has been growing for several days in a test tube containing an enriched medium. If some of the yeast in the test tube were transferred to fresh, enriched medium, which of the following would likely occur?

The yeast carrying capacity and the yeast population would both increase.

Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane?

They are non-polar molecules.

What is a key feature of fibrous joints that is not found in the other

They do not move at all or are only capable of minor movements because there is no cavity present between the bones.

What tends to happen to cells in a hypotonic environment?

They swell due to water gain.

Savanna

This biome is found in hot, tropical areas, an extensive dry season, lack of trees, and high animal diversity

Desert

This biome occurs in both warm and cold areas where rainfall is extremely rare.

Rainforest

This biome occurs in equatorial regions where rainfall is abundant, there is high species diversity, and temperature is hot year-round.

Tundra

This biome occurs in high latitudes, with few trees, low species diversity and very cold temperatures.

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

This biome occurs in mid latitudes and can be defined as deciduous. Significant precipitation in all seasons.

Temperate Grasslands

This biome occurs in mid latitudes, has high temperature fluctuations year-round, low precipitation, and thus has a lack of trees and shrubs.

Taiga (Coniferous/Boreal Forest)

This biome occurs is the largest terrestrial biome on earth. Located in northern North America and Eurasia. Seasonal temperature fluctuations, dominated by conifers

The human small intestine contains many species of bacteria. Identify the type of symbiotic relationship that exists between these bacterial species and humans, and explain your reasoning.

This is a mutualistic relationship, as the human small intestine provides a safe environment and constant food supply to bacteria, which, in turn, helps human digestion of certain types of food molecules.

Honey bees are pollinators. Identify the type of symbiotic relationship that exists between honey bees and flowering plants, and explain why your reasoning.

This is a mutualistic relationship, because bees help plants pollinate and, in turn, obtain nectar from the plants.

Why does gout often result in pain?

Uric acid crystals build up in the joints, resulting in painful body movements.

The reproductive cycle in which the endometrium is thickened and then shed is known as the:

Uterine

How does the structure of arteries and veins differ?

Veins contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood and arteries do not

Different types of white blood cells have different functions. Which of the following statements best describes white blood cells?

White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, defend the body against infection, and can be classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes.

An invasive species of mite has been discovered in bee colonies across the United States and may be the cause for the drastic decline of the number of bees in the commercial honey business. Which type of ecologist would an entomologist consult with in this situation?

a community ecologist

Which of the following conditions is inversely related with fecundity?

amount of parental care

Choose the correct match of glial cell type and function.

astrocytes—metabolize neurotransmitters and modulate synaptic effectiveness

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by

causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by activity in the

cerebellum

Define olfactory receptor.

dendrite of a specialized neuron

A simple organism such as a jellyfish uses _____ to exchange gases and nutrients with their surrounding environment.

diffusion

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

digest the protective jelly coat on the surface of the egg.

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?

fission and budding

The sex of some crocodiles and turtles is dependent on the temperature during critical points in egg development. How is sex determined in mammalian species?

genetics

Where is anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) produced? What does it reduce?

hypothalamus, water loss

Inflammatory responses typically include

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. This is an example of

innate behavior

A biologist observes that there are no organisms that produce lots of offspring and also provide long-term care for these large numbers of offspring. What is the most important reason that these characteristics are not observed together?

insufficient energy available

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

There are several different marine zones. In which zone are organisms exposed to air and sunlight at low tide and are underwater most of the time, especially during high tide?

intertidal zone

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have

less resistance to fatigue

Compare the partial pressure of oxygen between venous blood in an alveolus and air and between arterial blood and body tissues?

lower in the blood than in the air and higher in the blood than in the body tissues

Shaking hands will activate:

mechanoreceptors

Statocysts contain cells that are

mechanoreceptors used to detect orientation relative to gravity.

The regulatory centers for the respiratory and circulatory systems are found in the

medulla oblongata.

Define schizophrenia in your own words.

mental disorder characterized by the inability to accurately perceive reality; patients often have difficulty thinking clearly and can suffer from delusions

Define hemoglobin in your own words.

molecule in red blood cells that can bind oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide

Action potentials move along axons

more rapidly in myelinated than in nonmyelinated axons.

Which of these ecosystems accounts for the largest amount of Earth's net primary productivity?

ocean

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses.

During the menstrual period, a batch of follicular cells develops and prepares the eggs for release. What is the term for the rupturing and release of an egg from a follicle?

ovulation

In addition to prolactin, which hormone is also released to promote the release of milk?

oxytocin

This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing its mother and ends when nursing ends.

passive immunity

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

protonephridium—flatworm

What is the fovea?

region in the center of the retina with a high density of photoreceptors and which is responsible for acute vision

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water.

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

________ is the phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart contracts, which pushes out the blood and pumps it around the body.

systole

The kidney is made up of over a million nephrons that give it a granular appearance. What is a nephron?

the functional unit of the kidney

Myelinated neurons are especially abundant in

the white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord.

What structures of the vestibular system respond to gravity?

utricle and saccule