Bio 2 Final New Material

Keystone species

species that are crucial in determining the nature of the entire community

Primary succession

the change in species composition over time in a habitat that was not previously inhabited by organisms

Secondary succession

the change in species composition that takes place after some disturbance removes the existing vegetation

resource partitioning

when species divide a niche to avoid competition for resources

ORDER CROCODILIA

Crocodiles, Alligators, and Gavials

Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.

Echinoidea

CLASS MYXINI

Hagfishes Jawless, eel-shaped marine fishes that lack paired fins

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA

Includes lancelets (amphioxus) Translucent, fish-shaped animals Notochord and dorsal tubular nerve cord that extend the length of the body

ORDER SQUAMATA

Includes lizards, snakes, worm lizards Overlapping scales; flexible armor that is shed periodically

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

do not have nipples.

The earliest mammals resembled small:

dogs

CLASS CRINOIDEA

feather stars and sea lilies, filter feeders, Oral surface (mouth) is on the upperside of the central disc

Palaeognaths

include flightless birds such as ostriches, kiwis, cassowaries, and emus

Neognaths

include most modern birds

AMNIOTES

include reptiles, birds, and mammals Terrestrial vertebrates with amniotic eggs

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics

larva

Oviparous

lay eggs

Snakes are most closely related to:

lizards

Theria

mammals that bear their young alive

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

Amphibia

Salamanders are members of the order:

Anura

Levels of Biological Organization

Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism

There are four factors that produce changes in population size

Birth rates (b) Death rates (d) Immigration (i) Emigration (e)

SUPERCLASS OSTEICHTHYES

Bony fishes have skeletons made of bone Gills are protected by a bony flap called the operculum

Exploitation competition

Entire population suffers when population size increases

CLASS ECHINOIDEA

Includes sand dollars and sea urchins Have no arms

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

Includes sharks, skates, and rays Retain their cartilaginous skeleton formed during embryonic development

ORDER TESTUDINES

Includes turtles, terrapins, and tortoises Enclosed in a protective shell made of bony plates overlaid by horny scales Some terrestrial species can withdraw their heads and legs completely into their shells No teeth; beak covers the jaws

CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA

Lampreys Jawless, cartilaginous fishes that lack paired fins and scales Have cartilaginous segments called neural arches that extend around the spinal cord

CLASS OPHIUROIDEA

Largest group of echinoderms Includes basket stars and brittle stars Tube feet lack suckers

Class Mammalia

Mammary glands, differentiation of teeth; three middle-ear bones and the organ of hearing; muscular diaphragm to support lungs

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:

Myxini and Petromyzontida

Reptiles several adaptations for life on land

Protective leathery egg shells Hard scales Lungs divided into many chambers Three chambered or four chambered hearts Well-developed sense organs Ectothermic

Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.

Proterozoic

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA

Sea cucumbers Mouth is surrounded by modified tube feet Evisceration When threatened, they release red tubules (Cuvierian tubules) from their anus

Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.

Testudines

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

Urochordates

Vertebrae Common characters

Vertebrae enclose the nerve cord Have pronounced cephalization Complex organ systems

Tiktaalik

Was a transitional form between fishes and tetrapods

Batesian mimicry

animal that is harmless copies the apperance of an animal that is dangerous

The first function of feathers was most likely:

as color displays in courtship rituals

Sea stars are primarily:

carnivores.

Density dependent factors

competition, parasitism, predation

Echinoderms, chordates, and hemichordates are all

deuterostomes

Chordates

deuterostomes with bilateral symmetry, a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and three germ layers

Protheria

egg-laying mammals

Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.

eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

Interference competition

individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they

lay eggs

Viviparous

live birth

Sink Habitats

local reproductive success is less than local mortality

Class Dipnoi

lungfishes Bony freshwater fishes with both functional gills and lungs

Eutheria

mammals that are more developed at birth

Source Habitats

ocal reproductive success is greater than local mortality

Intraspecific competition

occurs among individuals of a population

Interspecific competition

occurs between different species

competitive exclusion principle

one species is excluded from its niche by another due to interspecific competition

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.

oviparous; internal

Birds are most closely related to:

reptiles

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

sacropterygian fishes.

CLASS ASTEROIDEA

sea stars and sea daisies, Bodies have a central disc with 5 to 20 or more arms

semelparous

single reproductive episode before death

Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____

sponges; filter feeders

Survivorship curves Type 1

survivorship decreases rapidly with increasing age. Mortality is greatest in later life. Example: humans

Survivorship curves Type 2

survivorship does not change with age. Death is equally likely across all age groups

Survivorship curves Type 3

survivorship increases with increasing age. Young are most likely to die. Example: oysters

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

swim bladder

ecological niche

the specific role played by an organism or a population of organisms in the ecosystem

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.

three; four

Which chordate group has the most species?

bony fish

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.

50,000

About ____ species of birds have been described

9,000

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

The coelacanth is found in the class:

Actinistia

CLASS AMPHIBIA

Adult live on dry land Many undergo metamorphosis

five characters that all chordates possess

All chordates have a notochord during some time in their life All chordates have a hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord during some time in their life A chordate larva or embryo has a muscular postanal tail All chordates have an endostyle or a thyroid gland evolved from the endostyle Pharyngeal (gill) slits- passages that connect the inside of the pharynx with the surrounding environment.

Population density

Number of individuals per unit area

iteroparous

Organism reproduces repeatedly without dying

succession

The process of community development overtime

ORDER SPHENODONTA

Tuataras look like iguanas but have distinct characters, such as vertebrae that are concave at both ends

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA

Tunicates (sea squirts) and their relatives, filter feeders

Müllerian mimicry

Two harmful species evolve to look alike

Density independent factors

fires, floods, extreme cold

Class Actinistia

flesh-finned fishes (coelacanths) Bony fishes; marine, nocturnal predators on fish; lobed fins

potential niche

fundamental niche

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

hagfish lack vertebrae

Metatheria

pouched mammals

Ovoviviparous

producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.

radial, indeterminate

Class Actinopterygii

ray-finned fishes Bony, marine and freshwater fishes; gills; swim bladder; generally oviparous