Bio 2 Final New Material
Keystone species
species that are crucial in determining the nature of the entire community
Primary succession
the change in species composition over time in a habitat that was not previously inhabited by organisms
Secondary succession
the change in species composition that takes place after some disturbance removes the existing vegetation
resource partitioning
when species divide a niche to avoid competition for resources
ORDER CROCODILIA
Crocodiles, Alligators, and Gavials
Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.
Echinoidea
CLASS MYXINI
Hagfishes Jawless, eel-shaped marine fishes that lack paired fins
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
Includes lancelets (amphioxus) Translucent, fish-shaped animals Notochord and dorsal tubular nerve cord that extend the length of the body
ORDER SQUAMATA
Includes lizards, snakes, worm lizards Overlapping scales; flexible armor that is shed periodically
Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:
do not have nipples.
The earliest mammals resembled small:
dogs
CLASS CRINOIDEA
feather stars and sea lilies, filter feeders, Oral surface (mouth) is on the upperside of the central disc
Palaeognaths
include flightless birds such as ostriches, kiwis, cassowaries, and emus
Neognaths
include most modern birds
AMNIOTES
include reptiles, birds, and mammals Terrestrial vertebrates with amniotic eggs
Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics
larva
Oviparous
lay eggs
Snakes are most closely related to:
lizards
Theria
mammals that bear their young alive
Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?
Amphibia
Salamanders are members of the order:
Anura
Levels of Biological Organization
Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism
There are four factors that produce changes in population size
Birth rates (b) Death rates (d) Immigration (i) Emigration (e)
SUPERCLASS OSTEICHTHYES
Bony fishes have skeletons made of bone Gills are protected by a bony flap called the operculum
Exploitation competition
Entire population suffers when population size increases
CLASS ECHINOIDEA
Includes sand dollars and sea urchins Have no arms
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
Includes sharks, skates, and rays Retain their cartilaginous skeleton formed during embryonic development
ORDER TESTUDINES
Includes turtles, terrapins, and tortoises Enclosed in a protective shell made of bony plates overlaid by horny scales Some terrestrial species can withdraw their heads and legs completely into their shells No teeth; beak covers the jaws
CLASS PETROMYZONTIDA
Lampreys Jawless, cartilaginous fishes that lack paired fins and scales Have cartilaginous segments called neural arches that extend around the spinal cord
CLASS OPHIUROIDEA
Largest group of echinoderms Includes basket stars and brittle stars Tube feet lack suckers
Class Mammalia
Mammary glands, differentiation of teeth; three middle-ear bones and the organ of hearing; muscular diaphragm to support lungs
The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:
Myxini and Petromyzontida
Reptiles several adaptations for life on land
Protective leathery egg shells Hard scales Lungs divided into many chambers Three chambered or four chambered hearts Well-developed sense organs Ectothermic
Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.
Proterozoic
Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA
Sea cucumbers Mouth is surrounded by modified tube feet Evisceration When threatened, they release red tubules (Cuvierian tubules) from their anus
Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.
Testudines
The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:
Urochordates
Vertebrae Common characters
Vertebrae enclose the nerve cord Have pronounced cephalization Complex organ systems
Tiktaalik
Was a transitional form between fishes and tetrapods
Batesian mimicry
animal that is harmless copies the apperance of an animal that is dangerous
The first function of feathers was most likely:
as color displays in courtship rituals
Sea stars are primarily:
carnivores.
Density dependent factors
competition, parasitism, predation
Echinoderms, chordates, and hemichordates are all
deuterostomes
Chordates
deuterostomes with bilateral symmetry, a tube-within-a-tube body plan, and three germ layers
Protheria
egg-laying mammals
Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.
eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads
One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:
have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
Interference competition
individuals interact directly with one another by physical force or intimidation
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they
lay eggs
Viviparous
live birth
Sink Habitats
local reproductive success is less than local mortality
Class Dipnoi
lungfishes Bony freshwater fishes with both functional gills and lungs
Eutheria
mammals that are more developed at birth
Source Habitats
ocal reproductive success is greater than local mortality
Intraspecific competition
occurs among individuals of a population
Interspecific competition
occurs between different species
competitive exclusion principle
one species is excluded from its niche by another due to interspecific competition
Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.
oviparous; internal
Birds are most closely related to:
reptiles
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:
sacropterygian fishes.
CLASS ASTEROIDEA
sea stars and sea daisies, Bodies have a central disc with 5 to 20 or more arms
semelparous
single reproductive episode before death
Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____
sponges; filter feeders
Survivorship curves Type 1
survivorship decreases rapidly with increasing age. Mortality is greatest in later life. Example: humans
Survivorship curves Type 2
survivorship does not change with age. Death is equally likely across all age groups
Survivorship curves Type 3
survivorship increases with increasing age. Young are most likely to die. Example: oysters
Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?
swim bladder
ecological niche
the specific role played by an organism or a population of organisms in the ecosystem
The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.
three; four
Which chordate group has the most species?
bony fish
There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.
50,000
About ____ species of birds have been described
9,000
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
The coelacanth is found in the class:
Actinistia
CLASS AMPHIBIA
Adult live on dry land Many undergo metamorphosis
five characters that all chordates possess
All chordates have a notochord during some time in their life All chordates have a hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord during some time in their life A chordate larva or embryo has a muscular postanal tail All chordates have an endostyle or a thyroid gland evolved from the endostyle Pharyngeal (gill) slits- passages that connect the inside of the pharynx with the surrounding environment.
Population density
Number of individuals per unit area
iteroparous
Organism reproduces repeatedly without dying
succession
The process of community development overtime
ORDER SPHENODONTA
Tuataras look like iguanas but have distinct characters, such as vertebrae that are concave at both ends
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Tunicates (sea squirts) and their relatives, filter feeders
Müllerian mimicry
Two harmful species evolve to look alike
Density independent factors
fires, floods, extreme cold
Class Actinistia
flesh-finned fishes (coelacanths) Bony fishes; marine, nocturnal predators on fish; lobed fins
potential niche
fundamental niche
Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:
hagfish lack vertebrae
Metatheria
pouched mammals
Ovoviviparous
producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body
Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.
radial, indeterminate
Class Actinopterygii
ray-finned fishes Bony, marine and freshwater fishes; gills; swim bladder; generally oviparous