Bio 2 SmartBook chapter 34
Which of the following are morphological characteristics of crustaceans?
-A nauplius larval stage that differs significantly in appearance from the adult stage -A body plan consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen -Two pairs of antennae
Select the characteristics of the subphylum Chelicerata.
-Have bodies consisting of two tagmata -Fangs -Typically predatory or parasitic
All members of the phylum Arthropoda have what characteristics?
-Segmentation -An exoskeleton composed of chitin and protein -Jointed legs
The vast diversity exhibited by the insects contributes to their great success on Earth. Insects vary in which of the following characteristics?
-Structure of mouthparts -Mode of development (incomplete or complete metamorphosis) -Wing structure
Decapoda
-Ten walking legs, one pair of which is often modified into large claws -They include the largest crustacean species
Which of the following are characteristics of centipedes?
-Their venom may be powerful enough to cause pain in humans. -They are carnivores that actively pursue their prey. -The head has many sensory appendages, including antennae and appendages modified as mouthparts.
Which of the following are characteristics of scorpions?
-They are generally found in tropical or subtropical regions -The young are carried on the back of the mother until their first molt
Which of the following are characteristics of crustaceans?
-They can be predators, scavengers, or filter feeders -They have a nauplius larval form that differs significantly in appearance from the adult form -Eggs are carried in pouches under the mother's body -Some larger species are economically important food sources for humans.
Characteristics of the millipedes (class Diplopoda) include:
-They may protect themselves by producing toxic secretions. -They may protect themselves using bright coloration to warn potential predators. -They are herbivores.
Which of the following are major characteristics of members of the arthropod subphylum Trilobita?
-Three tagmata: the head, thorax, and tail -Three lobes: an axial lobe and two pleural lobes -A cuticle that is shed as the organism increases in size
Features of the arthropod body plan include:
-jointed appendages -a cuticle composed of chitin and protein -segments fused into tagmata -compound eyes composed of ommatidia
All of the following are functions of the arthropod exoskeleton
-water conservation -protection -muscle attachment
What approximate fraction of all described species are arthropods?
3/4
How many legs do insects have?
6
The following is a diagram of an arthropod, as represented by a grasshopper. Match the letter to its appropriate structure.
A----->Antennae B----->Thorax C----->Abdomen D----->Wings
What critical innovation was likely the most influential in allowing arthropods to eventually colonize land?
An exoskeleton
Members of what phylum can be described as such: segmented organisms that have a complete digestive system, a ventral nerve cord, and a coelom that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton?
Annilida
What are pedipalps?
Appendages possessed by chelicerates that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions
Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; segmented; a hard cuticle composed primarily of chitin; ecdysis
Arthropoda
Hexapoda, Chelicerata, Trilobita, Myriapoda, and Crustacea are subphyla within the phylum ________
Arthropoda
Members of the phylum _______ have a cuticle composed of chitin and protein, jointed appendages, and segments fused into functional units called tagmata.
Arthropoda
Members of what phylum have compound eyes composed of ommatidia that render a mosaic-like image of the environment?
Arthropoda
The ants in the photo belong to the phylum
Arthropoda
The organisms highlighted here are members of what phylum?
Arthropoda
Segmented organisms with jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton composed of chitin make up the phylum ________
Arthropoda, Arthropod, or Arthropods
Many arthropods possess tagmata. What are they?
Body segments that have become fused into functional units
Which of the following statements is true regarding echinoderms and chordates?
Both have endoskeletons and undergo deuterostome development
In crustaceans, the exoskeleton is reinforced with which of the following?
Calcium carbonate
Body comprised of a cephalothorax and abdomen; six pairs of appendages (four pairs walking legs, one pair of fangs, and one pair of pedipalps); terrestrial
Chelicerata
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
Chelicerata
Of the organisms listed, which are members of the Mollusca phylum?
Chitons Snails Clams
Phylum ________ : Deuterostome development; notochord; pharyngeal slits; hollow dorsal nerve cord; muscular post-anal tail
Chordata
Phylum ________ : Diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion; radial symmetry; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells
Cnidaria
Radial symmetry; diploblastic; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells
Cnidaria
Body comprised of two or three parts; three or more pairs of legs; chewing mouthparts; usually marine
Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp
Crustacea
What animal phylum includes members that are hermaphroditic, often bioluminescent, live in marine environments, and use cilia for movement?
Ctenophora
Crustaceans that have ten walking legs, the first of which is modified to bear large claws, are members of what taxonomic order?
Decapoda
Which of the following undergo molting?
Ecdysozoans
Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry, adults radial; triploblastic; tube feet; deuterostome development; endoskeleton composed of ossicles
Echinodermata
Phylum _________ : Deuterostome development; water vascular system; endoskeleton composed of ossicles; tube feet
Echinodermata
What phylum of organisms have spiny skin, bilateral symmetry only as larvae, modified radial symmetry as adults, and possess a water vascular system?
Echinodermata
The phyla ______ and ______ are included in the Deuterostomia clade because their members undergo deuterostome embryonic development.
Echinodermata or Echinoderms Chordata or Chordates
True or False: Like insects, chelicerates have a body consisting of three tagmata: a head, thorax, and abdomen.
False
The lophophore, the structure characteristic of lophophorates, plays important roles in which of the following processes?
Feeding Respiration
Which of the following are characteristics of members of the Cnidaria phylum?
Found in marine or freshwater habitats Possess a mesoglea
Beetles, grasshoppers, flies, mosquitoes, butterflies
Hexapoda
Body comprised of head, thorax, and abdomen; mouthparts modified for food type; usually two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs; usually terrestrial
Hexapoda
What are the names of the five subphyla within the Arthropoda phylum?
Hexapoda Crustacea Trilobita Chelicerata Myriapoda
Insects are athropods that are members of the subphylum
Hexapods
During development in some insects, a gradual change in body form from a nymph into an adult.
Incomplete metamorphosis
Insects are members of the arthropod class:
Insecta
What group of organisms exhibits a great deal of diversity in wing and mouthpart structure, sociality, and type of development, affording them a great deal of success in all terrestrial environments?
Insects
Organisms that undergo protostome development and possess either a lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage are members of what major animal clade?
Lophotrochozoa
In insects, excretion is accomplished by delicate projections from the digestive tract that protrude into the hemolymph. What are these projections called?
Malpighian tubules
Some arthropods have long bodies, two pairs of walking legs per segment, and defend themselves through bright coloration, coiling, or ejecting toxic, repellent secretions. These arthropods are called _________.
Millipedes
Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; body plan comprised of a foot, visceral mass, and mantle; some species have a shell for protection
Mollusca
Phylum _________ : Bilateral symmetry; protostome development; body plan made up of mantle, visceral mass, and foot; some species have a shell
Mollusca
Snails, clams, octopuses, and chitons are all members of the phylum ________
Mollusca
Body comprised of a head and highly segmented trunk; one or two pairs of legs per segment; terrestrial
Myriapoda
Millipedes, centipedes
Myriapoda
Small, thin worms that usually range from 1 mm to 5 cm in length.
Nematoda
According to the cladogram shown, the taxonomic group that is the MOST closely related to the arthropods is
Nemotoda
Which of the following best describes the circulatory system of arthropods?
Open: Hemolymph is pumped from the tubelike heart to the hemocoel, where nutrients diffuse into tissues.
To which phylum do flatworms belong?
Platyhelminthes
Asymmetrical; no true tissues; choanocytes move water through the body wall and trap food particles
Porifera
Based on this phylogenetic tree, what taxonomic group is LEAST closely related to arthropods?
Porifera
Sponges are members of the phylum
Porifera
Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of the Lophotrochozoa clade?
Protostome development A lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage
Which of the following organisms have a pseudocoelom and a ciliated crown?
Rotifers
In a sponge, what are the skeletal structures composed of protein, silica, or calcium carbonate called?
Spicules
The body surface of arthropods contains pores that provide openings to finely branched air tubes, or trachea. What are these pores called?
Spiracles
What are cnidocytes?
Stinging cells that can be used in defense or prey capture
What is the role of Malpighian tubules in insects?
They absorb nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, to be subsequently excreted
Which of the following are true of decapods?
They include the largest crustacean species Ten walking legs, one pair of which is often modified into large claws
Which of the following are characteristics of ctenophores?
They move by coordinated beating of cilia. Many species are bioluminescent. They secrete a sticky substance for prey capture.
Which of the following statements are true of members of the phylum Nematoda? Choose all that apply.
They undergo ecdysis Many species are parasitic Also called round worms
What sentence best describes the feeding mechanism of a sponge?
Tiny food particles are trapped by flagellated cells as water is drawn through pores in the body of the sponge and exits via the osculum.
True or false: Echinoderms and chordates are closely related, both have endoskeletons and deuterostome development.
True
Which of the following are characteristics of echinoderms?
Tube feet Presence of a water vascular system Endoskeleton composed of calcareous plates
Which of the following are the three main parts of a mollusk's body plan?
Visceral mass Foot Mantle
Myriapods have one pair of ________ on the head and ________ pairs of appendages that are modified as mouth parts, including mandibles that act as jaws.
antennae three or 3
Cnidarians are found in ______ environments and possess ______ embryonic germ layers.
aquatic two
Of all described living species present on Earth, about three-quarters are
arthropods
An invertebrate animal is one that does not have:
backbone
Fast-moving, carnivorous arthropods with one pair of walking legs per segment are known as _________
centipedes
The fused head and thorax of some arthropods such as chelicerates and crustaceans is the:
cephalothorax
The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of layers of _______ and _______ .
chitin protein
What substances make up the exoskeleton of an arthropod?
chitin and protein
Members of the phylum Rotifera get their name from their: _______, which have a known as a corona that is used in locomotion and feeding?
ciliated crown
Cnidarians have stinging cells called ________ which contain powerful capsules called nematocysts. These are used in prey capture and defense.
cnidocytes
Which characteristic is found in all mollusks?
coelom mantle visceral mass soft body
During development in the majority of insects, a dramatic change in body form from larva to a very different looking adult.
complete metamorphosis
A nauplius is the first larval stage of many ______, which is very different in appearance from the adult form.
crustaceans
Ecdysozoans are named as such because they all undergo
ecdysis or molting
Four stages of complete metamorphosis
egg, larva, pupa, adult
Three stages of incomplete metamorphosis
egg, nymph, adult
In arthropods, the chitinous _______ provides protection and waterproofing, in addition to serving as an attachment site for the internal muscles.
exoskeleton/cuticle
While there are some morphological variations between classes, mollusks have a basic body plan consisting of three parts: a muscular ________ (used for movement), a(n) _________ (which contains the internal organs), and a(n) _________ (which produces the shell in mollusks that have one).
foot visceral mass mantle
Functions of the mantle in mollusks include:
forming a chamber that houses the gills secreting the shell in some species
Because the cuticle impedes the diffusion of gases through the body surface, arthropods possess special organs that permit gas exchange. In aquatic arthropods, these consist of feathery ______ that have an extensive surface area in contact with the surrounding water. Terrestrial species have a highly developed system of ______.
gills; trachea
In the circulatory system of arthropods, the _______ is pumped from the heart into the aorta or short arteries and then into open sinuses that coalesce to form the _______.
hemolymph hemocoel
A ________ is an individual that is capable of producing both sperm and eggs.
hermaphrodites
Individuals that can form both sperm and eggs are known as:
hermaphrodites
Entomology is the study of:
insects
The subphylum hexapoda includes:
insects and relatives
Animals without backbones are known as
invertebrates
Some invertebrate organisms possess a crown of tentacles called a(n) ______ that functions in feeding and respiration.
lophophore
The structure in mollusks that secretes shells and also creates the chamber that houses the gills is the ________
mantle
In the subphylum Myriapoda, the ______ have two pairs of legs per segment, while the ________ have one pair of legs per segment.
millipedes, Diplopoda, or millipede centipedes, Chilopoda, or centipede
Mites and ticks may be best described as:
often parasitic; fused cephalothorax and abdomen
The independent visual units that make up the compound eyes of arthropods are known as
ommatidia
Arthropods have compound eyes composed of ________ that generate a mosaic-like image of the environment. Some species also have simple eyes called ______ that are only able to distinguish light and dark.
ommatidia ocelli
Chelicerates possess a pair of appendages that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions. These are called ________
pedipalps
Most cnidarians exist as two different body forms: the _______ and the _______ .
polyp medusa
Arthropods with pedipalps that are modified into large claws and an abdomen that tapers into a venom-injecting stinger are:
scorpions
The phylum Annelida consists of the ________ worms.
segmented
In sponges, some amoebocyte cells can form a tough skeletal fibers that support the body. This skeleton consists of sharp structures formed of protein, calcium carbonate, or silica, called ________.
spicules
In terrestrial arthropods, pores in the cuticle called _______ facilitate gas exchange.
spiracles
This diagram depicts the external anatomy of an arthropod (grasshopper). The structures labeled with the letter A are the ______.
spiracles
What organisms make up the Porifera phylum?
sponges
The feeding mechanism of a sponge can be summarized as such: Water is drawn into the ______ by the beating action of ________. Small particulate matter and tiny plankton are trapped and eaten, while the water then flows out through the large opening at the top.
spongocoel; choanocytes
In many arthropods, the body segments have become fused into functional units called _______
tagmata or tagma
Select all of the arthropods that are often ectoparasitic and that have a cephalothorax and abdomen that are fused.
ticks mites
Extinct bottom-feeding organisms with segmented bodies divided longitudinally into three lobes, that were approximately 3-10 cm in size, make up the arthropod subphylum
triblobites
The organism in the photo is a fossil _______
trilobite or arthropod
Which of the following accurately describes the number of body forms exhibited by most cnidarians?
two
In mollusks, the internal organs are located in which major body region?
visceral mass
The major body region of mollusks that contains the internal organs and lies above the foot is the
visceral mass