Bio 2 SmartBook chapter 34

Which of the following are morphological characteristics of crustaceans?

-A nauplius larval stage that differs significantly in appearance from the adult stage -A body plan consisting of a cephalothorax and abdomen -Two pairs of antennae

Select the characteristics of the subphylum Chelicerata.

-Have bodies consisting of two tagmata -Fangs -Typically predatory or parasitic

All members of the phylum Arthropoda have what characteristics?

-Segmentation -An exoskeleton composed of chitin and protein -Jointed legs

The vast diversity exhibited by the insects contributes to their great success on Earth. Insects vary in which of the following characteristics?

-Structure of mouthparts -Mode of development (incomplete or complete metamorphosis) -Wing structure

Decapoda

-Ten walking legs, one pair of which is often modified into large claws -They include the largest crustacean species

Which of the following are characteristics of centipedes?

-Their venom may be powerful enough to cause pain in humans. -They are carnivores that actively pursue their prey. -The head has many sensory appendages, including antennae and appendages modified as mouthparts.

Which of the following are characteristics of scorpions?

-They are generally found in tropical or subtropical regions -The young are carried on the back of the mother until their first molt

Which of the following are characteristics of crustaceans?

-They can be predators, scavengers, or filter feeders -They have a nauplius larval form that differs significantly in appearance from the adult form -Eggs are carried in pouches under the mother's body -Some larger species are economically important food sources for humans.

Characteristics of the millipedes (class Diplopoda) include:

-They may protect themselves by producing toxic secretions. -They may protect themselves using bright coloration to warn potential predators. -They are herbivores.

Which of the following are major characteristics of members of the arthropod subphylum Trilobita?

-Three tagmata: the head, thorax, and tail -Three lobes: an axial lobe and two pleural lobes -A cuticle that is shed as the organism increases in size

Features of the arthropod body plan include:

-jointed appendages -a cuticle composed of chitin and protein -segments fused into tagmata -compound eyes composed of ommatidia

All of the following are functions of the arthropod exoskeleton

-water conservation -protection -muscle attachment

What approximate fraction of all described species are arthropods?

3/4

How many legs do insects have?

6

The following is a diagram of an arthropod, as represented by a grasshopper. Match the letter to its appropriate structure.

A----->Antennae B----->Thorax C----->Abdomen D----->Wings

What critical innovation was likely the most influential in allowing arthropods to eventually colonize land?

An exoskeleton

Members of what phylum can be described as such: segmented organisms that have a complete digestive system, a ventral nerve cord, and a coelom that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton?

Annilida

What are pedipalps?

Appendages possessed by chelicerates that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions

Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; segmented; a hard cuticle composed primarily of chitin; ecdysis

Arthropoda

Hexapoda, Chelicerata, Trilobita, Myriapoda, and Crustacea are subphyla within the phylum ________

Arthropoda

Members of the phylum _______ have a cuticle composed of chitin and protein, jointed appendages, and segments fused into functional units called tagmata.

Arthropoda

Members of what phylum have compound eyes composed of ommatidia that render a mosaic-like image of the environment?

Arthropoda

The ants in the photo belong to the phylum

Arthropoda

The organisms highlighted here are members of what phylum?

Arthropoda

Segmented organisms with jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton composed of chitin make up the phylum ________

Arthropoda, Arthropod, or Arthropods

Many arthropods possess tagmata. What are they?

Body segments that have become fused into functional units

Which of the following statements is true regarding echinoderms and chordates?

Both have endoskeletons and undergo deuterostome development

In crustaceans, the exoskeleton is reinforced with which of the following?

Calcium carbonate

Body comprised of a cephalothorax and abdomen; six pairs of appendages (four pairs walking legs, one pair of fangs, and one pair of pedipalps); terrestrial

Chelicerata

Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Chelicerata

Of the organisms listed, which are members of the Mollusca phylum?

Chitons Snails Clams

Phylum ________ : Deuterostome development; notochord; pharyngeal slits; hollow dorsal nerve cord; muscular post-anal tail

Chordata

Phylum ________ : Diploblastic; gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion; radial symmetry; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells

Cnidaria

Radial symmetry; diploblastic; polyp and medusa forms; stinging cells

Cnidaria

Body comprised of two or three parts; three or more pairs of legs; chewing mouthparts; usually marine

Crustacea

Crabs, lobsters, barnacles, shrimp

Crustacea

What animal phylum includes members that are hermaphroditic, often bioluminescent, live in marine environments, and use cilia for movement?

Ctenophora

Crustaceans that have ten walking legs, the first of which is modified to bear large claws, are members of what taxonomic order?

Decapoda

Which of the following undergo molting?

Ecdysozoans

Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry, adults radial; triploblastic; tube feet; deuterostome development; endoskeleton composed of ossicles

Echinodermata

Phylum _________ : Deuterostome development; water vascular system; endoskeleton composed of ossicles; tube feet

Echinodermata

What phylum of organisms have spiny skin, bilateral symmetry only as larvae, modified radial symmetry as adults, and possess a water vascular system?

Echinodermata

The phyla ______ and ______ are included in the Deuterostomia clade because their members undergo deuterostome embryonic development.

Echinodermata or Echinoderms Chordata or Chordates

True or False: Like insects, chelicerates have a body consisting of three tagmata: a head, thorax, and abdomen.

False

The lophophore, the structure characteristic of lophophorates, plays important roles in which of the following processes?

Feeding Respiration

Which of the following are characteristics of members of the Cnidaria phylum?

Found in marine or freshwater habitats Possess a mesoglea

Beetles, grasshoppers, flies, mosquitoes, butterflies

Hexapoda

Body comprised of head, thorax, and abdomen; mouthparts modified for food type; usually two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs; usually terrestrial

Hexapoda

What are the names of the five subphyla within the Arthropoda phylum?

Hexapoda Crustacea Trilobita Chelicerata Myriapoda

Insects are athropods that are members of the subphylum

Hexapods

During development in some insects, a gradual change in body form from a nymph into an adult.

Incomplete metamorphosis

Insects are members of the arthropod class:

Insecta

What group of organisms exhibits a great deal of diversity in wing and mouthpart structure, sociality, and type of development, affording them a great deal of success in all terrestrial environments?

Insects

Organisms that undergo protostome development and possess either a lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage are members of what major animal clade?

Lophotrochozoa

In insects, excretion is accomplished by delicate projections from the digestive tract that protrude into the hemolymph. What are these projections called?

Malpighian tubules

Some arthropods have long bodies, two pairs of walking legs per segment, and defend themselves through bright coloration, coiling, or ejecting toxic, repellent secretions. These arthropods are called _________.

Millipedes

Bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; body plan comprised of a foot, visceral mass, and mantle; some species have a shell for protection

Mollusca

Phylum _________ : Bilateral symmetry; protostome development; body plan made up of mantle, visceral mass, and foot; some species have a shell

Mollusca

Snails, clams, octopuses, and chitons are all members of the phylum ________

Mollusca

Body comprised of a head and highly segmented trunk; one or two pairs of legs per segment; terrestrial

Myriapoda

Millipedes, centipedes

Myriapoda

Small, thin worms that usually range from 1 mm to 5 cm in length.

Nematoda

According to the cladogram shown, the taxonomic group that is the MOST closely related to the arthropods is

Nemotoda

Which of the following best describes the circulatory system of arthropods?

Open: Hemolymph is pumped from the tubelike heart to the hemocoel, where nutrients diffuse into tissues.

To which phylum do flatworms belong?

Platyhelminthes

Asymmetrical; no true tissues; choanocytes move water through the body wall and trap food particles

Porifera

Based on this phylogenetic tree, what taxonomic group is LEAST closely related to arthropods?

Porifera

Sponges are members of the phylum

Porifera

Which of the following are distinguishing characteristics of the Lophotrochozoa clade?

Protostome development A lophophore or a distinct trochophore larval stage

Which of the following organisms have a pseudocoelom and a ciliated crown?

Rotifers

In a sponge, what are the skeletal structures composed of protein, silica, or calcium carbonate called?

Spicules

The body surface of arthropods contains pores that provide openings to finely branched air tubes, or trachea. What are these pores called?

Spiracles

What are cnidocytes?

Stinging cells that can be used in defense or prey capture

What is the role of Malpighian tubules in insects?

They absorb nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, to be subsequently excreted

Which of the following are true of decapods?

They include the largest crustacean species Ten walking legs, one pair of which is often modified into large claws

Which of the following are characteristics of ctenophores?

They move by coordinated beating of cilia. Many species are bioluminescent. They secrete a sticky substance for prey capture.

Which of the following statements are true of members of the phylum Nematoda? Choose all that apply.

They undergo ecdysis Many species are parasitic Also called round worms

What sentence best describes the feeding mechanism of a sponge?

Tiny food particles are trapped by flagellated cells as water is drawn through pores in the body of the sponge and exits via the osculum.

True or false: Echinoderms and chordates are closely related, both have endoskeletons and deuterostome development.

True

Which of the following are characteristics of echinoderms?

Tube feet Presence of a water vascular system Endoskeleton composed of calcareous plates

Which of the following are the three main parts of a mollusk's body plan?

Visceral mass Foot Mantle

Myriapods have one pair of ________ on the head and ________ pairs of appendages that are modified as mouth parts, including mandibles that act as jaws.

antennae three or 3

Cnidarians are found in ______ environments and possess ______ embryonic germ layers.

aquatic two

Of all described living species present on Earth, about three-quarters are

arthropods

An invertebrate animal is one that does not have:

backbone

Fast-moving, carnivorous arthropods with one pair of walking legs per segment are known as _________

centipedes

The fused head and thorax of some arthropods such as chelicerates and crustaceans is the:

cephalothorax

The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of layers of _______ and _______ .

chitin protein

What substances make up the exoskeleton of an arthropod?

chitin and protein

Members of the phylum Rotifera get their name from their: _______, which have a known as a corona that is used in locomotion and feeding?

ciliated crown

Cnidarians have stinging cells called ________ which contain powerful capsules called nematocysts. These are used in prey capture and defense.

cnidocytes

Which characteristic is found in all mollusks?

coelom mantle visceral mass soft body

During development in the majority of insects, a dramatic change in body form from larva to a very different looking adult.

complete metamorphosis

A nauplius is the first larval stage of many ______, which is very different in appearance from the adult form.

crustaceans

Ecdysozoans are named as such because they all undergo

ecdysis or molting

Four stages of complete metamorphosis

egg, larva, pupa, adult

Three stages of incomplete metamorphosis

egg, nymph, adult

In arthropods, the chitinous _______ provides protection and waterproofing, in addition to serving as an attachment site for the internal muscles.

exoskeleton/cuticle

While there are some morphological variations between classes, mollusks have a basic body plan consisting of three parts: a muscular ________ (used for movement), a(n) _________ (which contains the internal organs), and a(n) _________ (which produces the shell in mollusks that have one).

foot visceral mass mantle

Functions of the mantle in mollusks include:

forming a chamber that houses the gills secreting the shell in some species

Because the cuticle impedes the diffusion of gases through the body surface, arthropods possess special organs that permit gas exchange. In aquatic arthropods, these consist of feathery ______ that have an extensive surface area in contact with the surrounding water. Terrestrial species have a highly developed system of ______.

gills; trachea

In the circulatory system of arthropods, the _______ is pumped from the heart into the aorta or short arteries and then into open sinuses that coalesce to form the _______.

hemolymph hemocoel

A ________ is an individual that is capable of producing both sperm and eggs.

hermaphrodites

Individuals that can form both sperm and eggs are known as:

hermaphrodites

Entomology is the study of:

insects

The subphylum hexapoda includes:

insects and relatives

Animals without backbones are known as

invertebrates

Some invertebrate organisms possess a crown of tentacles called a(n) ______ that functions in feeding and respiration.

lophophore

The structure in mollusks that secretes shells and also creates the chamber that houses the gills is the ________

mantle

In the subphylum Myriapoda, the ______ have two pairs of legs per segment, while the ________ have one pair of legs per segment.

millipedes, Diplopoda, or millipede centipedes, Chilopoda, or centipede

Mites and ticks may be best described as:

often parasitic; fused cephalothorax and abdomen

The independent visual units that make up the compound eyes of arthropods are known as

ommatidia

Arthropods have compound eyes composed of ________ that generate a mosaic-like image of the environment. Some species also have simple eyes called ______ that are only able to distinguish light and dark.

ommatidia ocelli

Chelicerates possess a pair of appendages that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions. These are called ________

pedipalps

Most cnidarians exist as two different body forms: the _______ and the _______ .

polyp medusa

Arthropods with pedipalps that are modified into large claws and an abdomen that tapers into a venom-injecting stinger are:

scorpions

The phylum Annelida consists of the ________ worms.

segmented

In sponges, some amoebocyte cells can form a tough skeletal fibers that support the body. This skeleton consists of sharp structures formed of protein, calcium carbonate, or silica, called ________.

spicules

In terrestrial arthropods, pores in the cuticle called _______ facilitate gas exchange.

spiracles

This diagram depicts the external anatomy of an arthropod (grasshopper). The structures labeled with the letter A are the ______.

spiracles

What organisms make up the Porifera phylum?

sponges

The feeding mechanism of a sponge can be summarized as such: Water is drawn into the ______ by the beating action of ________. Small particulate matter and tiny plankton are trapped and eaten, while the water then flows out through the large opening at the top.

spongocoel; choanocytes

In many arthropods, the body segments have become fused into functional units called _______

tagmata or tagma

Select all of the arthropods that are often ectoparasitic and that have a cephalothorax and abdomen that are fused.

ticks mites

Extinct bottom-feeding organisms with segmented bodies divided longitudinally into three lobes, that were approximately 3-10 cm in size, make up the arthropod subphylum

triblobites

The organism in the photo is a fossil _______

trilobite or arthropod

Which of the following accurately describes the number of body forms exhibited by most cnidarians?

two

In mollusks, the internal organs are located in which major body region?

visceral mass

The major body region of mollusks that contains the internal organs and lies above the foot is the

visceral mass