Developmental Psychology Module 6
Tasks involving divided attention impair memory _____. -by middle age -in old age -unless people practice multitasking
at every age
Education is related to longevity: -only among men. -only among women. -only in later life.
at every age.
The socioeconomic health gap appears: -around age 60. -in middle age. -for males, not for females.
at every age.
The normal age change called _____ progresses into heart disease. -night vision troubles -bone-density loss -hearing loss
atherosclerosis
Which trait is LEAST common in the eighties? -staying socially engaged -being calmer than when young -being satisfied with life
being seriously depressed
Which two conditions are MOST likely to land older people in nursing homes? -presbycusis and presbyopia -heart disease and hearing impairments -slowed reaction time and hearing impairments
breaking a hip due to osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease
Which condition is NOT a risk factor for entering a nursing home? -lower-body impairments -Alzheimer's disease -osteoporosis; specifically, breaking a hip
cancer
Which age-related vision impairment is easiest to treat (or cure)? -glaucoma -macular degeneration -diabetic retinopathy
cataracts
Gloria is 40-years old and is employed as a(n) _____; she provides hands-on care in a nursing home, helping elderly residents with basic ADL [activities of daily living] problems. -radiologist -in-home caregiver -mortician
certified nursing assistant or aide
Poor vision, hearing, impaired motor abilities, and _____ losses affect driving abilities in later life.
cognitive
A widowed person's sense of the deceased spouse's presence "in spirit" is called: -emerging bonds. -medium spouse. -spousal presence.
continuing bonds.
Assisted-living facilities and _____ are housing alternatives in the United States for frail elderly (who have sufficient money) and don't need the intense care of a nursing home.
continuing-care retirement communities; continuing care retirement communities
Which developmental science term is most equivalent to semantic memory? -fluid abilities -reaction time -physical skills
crystallized knowledge
Which is NOT a normal aging change? -bone density losses -hearing losses -atherosclerosis
Alzheimer's disease
To predict which older person is apt to retire, which of the following is NOT a relevant question to ask? -Do you have enough money to leave work? -Do you feel you are being discriminated against at your job? -Are you in poor health?
Are you married?
Huynh is devising a questionnaire to predict an elderly person's risk of entering a nursing home. Which question should NOT appear on Huynh's list? -If you become impaired, do you have family members and or a friend willing to take you in? -Are you female and in your eighties or above? -Have you broken your hip, and/or are you developing symptoms of major neurocognitive disease (dementia)?
Are you middle class?
Which question should appear on an "intensity of ageism" questionnaire? -Are you below age 35? -What is your ethnicity? -Were you raised in a collectivist culture?
Are you terrified of physical and mental decline?
_____ are housing alternatives for people with ADL (activities of daily life) limitations who do not need the intense care of nursing homes.
Assisted-living facilities; Assisted living facilities
Which of the following is NOT a good memory tip for older people? -Avoid situations where you need to remember something fast. -Avoid getting depressed. -Use mnemonic techniques such as conjuring up a visual image.
Assume that your memory is just as good as when you were young.
Highlight the unique features of age-related hearing losses, and then describe the impact of this particular deficit/condition on relationships. Cite examples to illustrate your points.
Deficit: inability to hear higher pitched tones, which causes special problems hearing in noisy environments, as background noises are of lower pitch. Social problem: The need to continually ask people to repeat themselves, speak up, or to guess at what has been said. The frustrating experience of struggling to communicate causes social isolation. Plus, when a person has hearing deficits, other people tend to adopt elderspeak, meaning that people talk to the older adult like a baby.
Which nation does an exceptional job at providing services to its frail older citizens? -the United States -China -South Korea
Denmark
Which of the following is NOT a good memory suggestion for older people? -Avoid situations where you have to remember something fast. -Try not to memorize something while you are doing something else. -Avoid distractions when you need to remember something.
Don't tax your brain by trying to memorize material.
Gilad is devising a questionnaire to predict which United States retirees are at risk of having serious economic troubles during old age. Which of the following is NOT an item he should ask? -Are you a woman? -Are you a low-wage worker? -Do you have a decent pension?
Do you live in the Northeast?
Which is NOT a relevant question to ask in predicting the risk of getting premature chronic disease? -What is your ethnicity? -Do you have close, nurturing relationships? -What is your level of education?
Do you live in the Northwest United States?
Gayle and Deshaun are devising a questionnaire to predict how well particular U.S. widowers are likely to cope. Which question is NOT relevant to include in the scale? -Did your wife die suddenly? -Are you living in a retirement community? -Did you have a terrific relationship with your wife?
Do you live in the South?
Mrs. Jones has a hearing impairment; Mrs. Segal has impaired vision. Who is MOST likely to have problems relating to people? -Mrs. Segal -both women equally -neither woman
Mrs. Jones
Who has instrumental ADL (activities of daily life) impairments? -Mr. Soto, who cannot dress himself -Mr. Rendon, who cannot get to the toilet -Mrs. Belsky, who needs nursing-home care
Mrs. Jones, who is having trouble cooking and cleaning
All of these women need full-time caregiving (or a nursing home) EXCEPT: -Mrs. Smith, who cannot dress herself. -Ms. Chen, who cannot get to the toilet. -Mrs. Adachi, who cannot feed herself.
Mrs. Rodrigues, who is widowed.
All of these people are at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease EXCEPT: -Mr. Suarez, who has the APOE-4 marker. -Mrs. Silver, who is 85 plus. -Mr. Stillman, who has been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment.
Ms. Sing, who smokes.
Which woman is apt to cope BEST with widowhood? -Ms. Jones, who gets help with everything from friends and family -Ms. Murata, who has close family members, but virtually no friends -Ms. Tannenbaum, who doesn't have much money
Ms. Zayat, with a network of caring friends who don't take over her life
_____ women with basic ADL (activities of daily life) impairments, and people with Alzheimer's disease, are the typical residents of nursing homes.
Old-old; Old old
The MOST common age-related disease is _____. -asthma -heart disease -osteoporosis
arthritis
If an older adult is continually complaining about her terrible memory, which would be the BEST research-based conclusion? -His or her memory has seriously declined. -He or she has an organic memory problem that cannot be reversed. -This person just wants attention.
This person is depressed.
Morton, at 85, had to give up his own home when he could no longer cook or keep his house clean. His children helped him move his most prized furniture into his own room at the facility where he now lives. He rides the facility bus to church and eats his meals in the communal dining room. The staff comes to his room each morning to make sure he has taken his medications. Morton is living in a(n): -continuing-care retirement community. -senior center. -nursing home.
assisted-living facility.
If an older adult is continually complaining about his or her terrible memory, all may be helpful strategies EXCEPT: -teaching memory strategies. -treating what may be a possible depression. -taking action to make this person's life more fulfilling.
assuming this person has Alzheimer's disease.
Grandma lives with Troy's family, but she is forgetful, and Troy's mom and dad are worried about leaving Grandma alone while they are at work. According to the text, the BEST alternative for this grandma is a(n): -assisted-living facility. -nursing home. -continuing-care retirement community.
day-care center.
In the United States, all of the following are common strategies for finding retirement fulfillment EXCEPT: -going back to school. -pursuing enduring leisure passions. -taking up new, generative interests.
disengaging from life.
To minimize for age-related memory changes, older people should avoid _____ environments.
distracting
The main condition that provokes falling in later life is _____.
dizziness
In general, baby boomers _____ money to retire in comfort. -have ample -have just enough -have an excessive amount of
don't have enough
Imagine being an older adult. All things being equal, which is the LEAST dangerous driving situation? -making a left turn into traffic -driving at night -stopping in time when the light turns red
driving in your neighborhood
Daquan, age 76, has been sent by his wife to the grocery store. An hour later, he is wandering around the store, wondering why he is there. Then, Daquan realizes he is not sure of the name of his town. Daquan is showing: -normal, age-related forgetfulness. -advanced Alzheimer's disease. -symptoms of a major stroke.
early symptoms of a major neurocognitive disorder (dementia).
A client who is at HIGHEST risk of committing suicide is a(n): -elderly woman living alone. -young depressed woman. -young angry man.
elderly man living alone.
The person who is statistically at HIGHEST risk of dying is a(n): -elderly man whose spouse died after a long illness. -elderly woman. -young woman.
elderly man whose spouse died suddenly.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, a(n) _____ is MOST likely to be happy. -middle-aged person -emerging adult -teenager
elderly person
All are assistive devices that compensate for age-related sensory-motor problems EXCEPT: -the hearing loop. -medical scooters. -grab bars.
elderspeak.
Gertrude, a mentally sharp but physically impaired resident at a local assisted-living facility, complains that the staff talks to her as if she were a baby. The staff is using: -lazy communication style. -oldster speak. -ageist language.
elderspeak.
Which skill is LEAST important in driving? -hearing well -seeing well -reaction time
empathy
Of the three memory systems, _____ memory is the most fragile, or apt to be easily lost, while procedural memory is the most durable and can stay intact well into Alzheimer's disease.
episodic
Remembering the ongoing events of life is in _____ memory, the system most vulnerable to deterioration with age. -procedural -fluid -semantic
episodic
Sarah is trying to remember what she ate for dinner last Friday when her husband took her to a restaurant. According to the memory-systems perspective, this information is in Sarah's _____ memory. -semantic -declarative -short-term
episodic
Which is the order of memory systems from MOST fragile to MOST enduring?
episodic memory; semantic memory; procedural memory
Chronic diseases affect: -only people who do not take care of their health. -only people in the old-old years. -most people in middle age.
every person if he or she lives long enough.
Who is guilty of ageism? -Western adults -young people -old people
everyone
When lecturing on the length of retirement in the United States, which description should Dr. Horvatz use? -staying stable over the years -becoming shorter over the years -expanding dramatically until this very day
expanding for decades, but recently becoming shorter
Some forces that lead to lower life _____ among poverty-level adults are intense life stress, living in depressing, dangerous neighborhoods, poor health habits, and working in insecure jobs.
expectancy
The stereotype that people treated the elderly better in the past is: -true, worldwide. -true, but only in China. -true, but only in hunter-gatherer societies.
false.
Which relationship BEST predicts how well widows will cope? -sibling ties -friendships -church member associations
family closeness
According to the text, people's feelings of _____ and a sense of purpose in life are two keys to being happy and functioning fully in old age.
generativity
Normal aging changes: -begin in midlife. -begin in old age. -are totally different than chronic diseases.
get worse over time.
Three changes in vision that normally occur as people age are presbyopia, impaired dark vision, and greater sensitivity to _____.
glare
Normal aging changes: -begin in late-middle age and suddenly get dramatically worse. -start at age 65. -begin during childhood.
gradually progress over years.
If Alice is angry at this particular family member, research suggests that she will be LEAST likely to confront her _____. -mom -sister -cousin
grandma
If Dr. Demography is discussing the median age, she means the age at which: -people reach middle age. -the number of people in the middle of the population. -half the population is richer and half is poorer.
half the population is older and half is younger.
With regard to nursing-home patient abuse, which is the MOST accurate description? -rampant -common -rare
happens sometimes
Most retired people are: -happy if they retired early. -depressed, but only if they have been retired for ten years. -depressed, no matter when they retired.
happy if they have absorbing interests, enough money, and freely made that choice.
If an elderly person describes old age as a time of physical and mental loss, this person MOST likely: -is always seriously depressed. -is usually wrong. -has a serious chronic disease.
has the same feelings as many older adults.
John is an adult living below the poverty line. Statistically speaking, all are true of John EXCEPT that he is apt to: -die at a younger-than-average age. -develop "old-age illnesses" during midlife. -look physically older than his peers.
have fewer life stresses than other people his age.
All are major U.S. issues facing older workers EXCEPT: -not having adequate retirement assets. -experiencing age discrimination when looking for a new job. -economic hardship as retirees.
having few options for constructing a fulfilling retirement.
If a friend posts photos on-line of some guests at recent party, it is easiest to remember: -the names of those people at the party. -what time at the party you saw those people. -what those specific people were talking about at the party.
having seen those specific people at the party.
Laura Carstensen's belief that old age is the best time of life applies BEST to: -a very small segment of older people. -every older person. -half of all older people.
healthy elderly people.
Which age-related chronic disease is MOST apt to limit social relationships? -vision impairments -heart disease -osteoporosis
hearing impairments
Which age-related chronic disease is MOST likely to produce depression and loneliness in later life? -vision impairments -heart disease -osteoporosis
hearing impairments
Generalizing from the text, for which condition are people LEAST likely to use available treatment? -osteoporosis -heart disease -vision problems
hearing loss
The MAIN problem with U.S. services for the elderly who have ADL (activities of daily life) impairments but do not need nursing-home care is the: -poor quality. -inadequate availability. -lack of staff.
high cost.
The main environmental cause of age-related hearing loss is exposure to _____.
high levels of noise (or "loud sounds")
Babies' chances of living beyond the maximum lifespan is _____ today.
impossible (or "non-existent")
If Grandma Liling has a hearing impairment, she will have the MOST trouble hearing: -when watching TV. -at home. -when her son speaks to her.
in a noisy restaurant.
Low socioeconomic-status adults age faster and die at a younger age than their wealthier counterparts. This is true: -only in affluent nations. -only in developing nations. -only in nations without universal health care.
in every nation.
The young-old are in their sixties, and the old-olds are _____. -over 68 -over 70 -over 90
in their late 70s and older
Longitudinal research suggests that widowed people: -initially turn to friends, and then later reach out to family for support. -typically withdraw from the world. -rarely turn to religion for support.
initially turn to family, and then later reach out to friends for support.
A person who is having difficulty with tasks needed for living independently has _____ ADL (activities of daily life) problems, while someone who cannot perform fundamental self-care activities has basic ADL (activities of daily life) impairments.
instrumental
Jane is 80 years old and can live alone, but she has trouble standing at her stove to cook a meal and pushing a vacuum cleaner. Jane has _____ ADL (activities of daily life) impairments. -basic -serious -chronic
instrumental
Ritkriti is an elderly woman who is having trouble with everyday household tasks such as cooking. These tasks are called: -dementia. -fine motor skills. -basic DLA [daily living activities] problems.
instrumental ADL [activities of daily living] problems.
Yolanda has always been a great cook. However, at the age of 90, she now is unable to cook for herself, although she can still walk and dress herself. Yolanda has a problem with: -dementia. -arthritis. -basic ADLs [activities of daily living].
instrumental ADLs [activities of daily living].
In Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development, the final milestone, _____, occurs when a person reviews and makes peace with life. -industry -autonomy -basic trust
integrity
In Erik Erikson's model of psychosocial development, the consequence of a failure to reach _____, when a person has serious regrets about his or her life. -generativity is shame -integrity is isolation -generativity is despair
integrity is despair
The _____ age at which half the population is younger and half is older, is rapidly rising in the industrialized world. In Germany, Italy, and Japan, it will soon be well into middle age. -mean -average -modal
median
Which memory task is virtually impossible for older people? -recognizing faces -memorizing names -following directions
memorizing something while simultaneously monitoring something else
Glen, age 65, is convinced that at his age, he is destined to have neural loss and brain deficits, so he stops trying to remember new names. Glen has problems with: -genetic entities. -motivational interviewing. -socioemotional selectivity.
memory self-efficacy.
Who is most likely to find a new partner after being widowed? -women -neither sex -either sex
men
The risk of having ADL (activities of daily life) impairments greatly accelerates after the _____. -fifties -sixties -early seventies
mid- to late seventies
In giving difficult, timed memory tasks to older adults, neuroscientists find _____ activation. -intense frontal-lobe -very intense parietal-lobe -minimal parietal-lobe
minimal frontal-lobe
Generalizing from the text, when an older adult is given a laboratory memory test, his or her score will: -be totally inaccurate. -reflect her true abilities. -inflate her true abilities.
minimize her true abilities.
If a classmate brags that she can be on social media during lectures and never miss anything the teacher says, she is: -correct, but only if she really has practiced that skill. -correct, but only if she is under 25. -correct, but only if she is particularly gifted intellectually.
mistaken.
Martha knows that her memory is not what it used to be, so she makes up rhymes for items that are especially important to remember. Martha is using a(n) _____ technique. -ineffective -episodic -information-processing
mnemonic
Using rhymes or visual images to remember terms or concepts is a(n) _____ technique.
mnemonic
Women experience _____ health problems than do men during adult life.
more
As of 2015, the main U.S. retirement trend is that: -more people depend on pensions. -more people are retiring at younger ages. -retirement is disappearing or becoming rare.
more people are working for longer.
In Sarasota, Florida, a visitor might find all of the following EXCEPT: -more residents in their seventies and above. -people who say those in their sixties are relatively young. -residents who see "later life" as starting at an older age.
mostly midlife adults.
Age differences in performance are SMALLEST when young and elderly people take _____. -short-answer tests -fill-in-the-blank tests -timed tests
multiple-choice tests
Which is NOT a classic age-related vision change? -difficulties seeing in dim light -problems seeing close up -troubles with glare
nearsightedness
Having read the discussion about retirement, George understands that an elderly greeter at Wal-Mart is probably still working because this person: -loves his job. -wants to stay healthy. -wants to get out of the house.
needs the cash.
Two products of neural decay found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease are senile plaques and _____.
neurofibrillary tangles
The age group MOST likely to have ADL (activities of daily life) impairments is in their _____. -sixties -seventies -eighties
nineties
Imara, at age 55, complains that the headlights of approaching cars are more blinding, and it's difficult for her to see when driving at night. These problems are: -signs that Imara is probably going blind. -normal age-related changes caused by an impaired retina. -signs that Imara needs stronger glasses.
normal age-related changes caused by a cloudier lens.
Which is the correct progression over time (that is, over the years)? -chronic disease; normal aging; ADL impairments -ADL impairments; chronic disease; normal aging -normal aging; ADL impairments; chronic disease
normal aging; chronic disease; ADL impairments
Negative ideas about older adults are: -only held by the young. -a sign of emotional problems. -only apparent in the United States.
normal worldwide.
As of 2015, in order to comfortably retire, a 65-year-old U.S. worker needs about _____ dollars in pension savings and assets. -100,000 -250,000 -over 2 million dollars
over a million
As the joint cartilage wears away, people develop osteoarthritis, which causes: -slower reaction time. -slower information processing. -lessened ability to hear.
pain when moving.
When Jana is with her Ph.D.-level grandma and people address this 90-year-old woman in elderspeak, Jana and her grandma will probably feel: -relieved. -deeply cared about. -depressed.
patronized and insulted.
Two main sources of U.S. retirement income are social security and _____.
pensions
Major neurocognitive disorders (dementia) most often strike: -people in their late sixties. -all people in their nineties. -a tiny fraction of people who take care of their health.
people in their mid-eighties and beyond.
Which group could use interventions to improve memory self-efficacy? -young people only -older people only -mostly women
people of any age
Who has the highest automobile accident rates per miles driven? -men in their 20s -women in their 20s -people over 60
people over 75
Considering accidents per miles driven, the MOST dangerous drivers are _____. -teenagers -midlife adults -women
people over age 75
Jeannie has always been someone who could divide her attention very well. For example, she could talk on the telephone while preparing dinner, and do half a dozen other things at the same time. Jeannie is now in her elderly years. According to the text, Jeannie MOST likely has: -maintained this ability. -forgotten how to do most of these activities. -temporarily lost this ability, but can regain it if she practices daily.
permanently lost this ability.
A friend asks, "How can I reduce my risk of developing a neurocognitive disorder?" As of 2015, the BEST recommendation is: -yoga. -vitamins. -blueberries and antioxidants.
physical exercise.
Older people tend to selectively focus on _____ events.
positive (or "happy")
All are difficult memory challenges EXCEPT: -memorizing material while talking on a cell phone. -remembering where you heard some bit of information. -memorizing material under a time limit.
recognizing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test.
Generalizing from the research, fulfilled, happy retirees, are LEAST likely to spend their time: -taking courses and traveling the world. -pursuing a passionate hobby more full time. -engaging in generative activities.
relaxing around the pool and taking things easy.
All are examples of procedural memory EXCEPT: -remembering how to drive. -recalling how to turn on a computer. -automatically reciting, "I pledge allegiance to the flag."
remembering the name of one's hometown.
All are examples of episodic memory EXCEPT: -remembering what the teacher said in class last week. -recalling what you had for dinner four days ago. -recalling the name of someone you met at a party a month ago.
remembering your address.
Jon and Karen have worked their way up the socioeconomic status ladder; this gives them a better chance of living a healthier and longer life. This relationship between socioeconomic social status and a longer lifespan is called the: -disparity gap. -civil-service hierarchy. -maturation culture.
socioeconomic health gap.
Laura Carstensen's _____ theory explains that older people prioritize spending time with their closest attachment figures and maximizing the quality of their present experiences.
socioemotional selectivity
The idea that the amount of time that a person has left to live changes priorities and social relationships is the basic premise of _____ theory. -self-efficacy -immediacy -prioritization
socioemotional selectivity
According to statistics, compared to a middle-class adult, a low-income person will die _____, and become disabled at a(n) _____ age. -sooner; older -at the same age; older -later; younger
sooner; younger
All of these strategies help prevent falling in later life EXCEPT: -providing adequate lighting. -putting grab bars in bathrooms. -installing low-pile carpeting on floors.
strenuous exercise.
According to the text, caring for a loved one with Alzheimer's disease is: -simply awful, with no redeeming features. -easier than people might imagine. -rare in the United States.
stressful, but can bring out the best in human beings.
Manuel is a 60-year-old baby boomer living in the United States. Statistically speaking, Manuel will: -decide to retire within the next few years. -want to retire right now. -have health problems that make it impossible to work beyond 65.
want to put off retirement until he's older than age 65.
_____ are most vulnerable to suicide. -Old-old widowed women -Young-old married men -Young-old married women
Old-old widowed men
Kalinda, in her early sixties, is worried about getting Alzheimer's disease. After reading the text, what can her daughter say to Kalinda? -"Don't worry; this disorder is very rare at any age." -"Be concerned; about one in four people over age 60 has this disease." -"Be terrified; this condition strikes most people in their early sixties and seventies."
"Be somewhat comforted; the risk at your age is minimal."
Jessica believes that if she exercises and watches her diet, she will not develop any ADL (activities of daily life) impairments in her nineties. Which is the appropriate response? -"True, but only if you live in Denmark." -"True, but only if you are upper-middle class." -"True, but only if you have the best medical care."
"Highly unlikely!"
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, which statement would an older person make? -"I'm constantly doing things I don't like." -"I want to meet as many new people as I possibly can." -"I'd better be nice to that person, even though I can't stand her."
"I've decided to do exactly what I want!"
When Professor Quarto is discussing the relationship of chronic diseases to disability and death, which of the following should he say? -"All chronic diseases cause death." -"Few chronic diseases impair functioning." -"No chronic diseases cause death."
"Many chronic diseases impair functioning, but only some cause death."
Dr. Wallid is describing physical aging. Which is NOT a description she should say? -"Normal aging changes, as they get severe, often turn into chronic disease." -"ADL (activities of daily life) impairments are far more common in the old-old years." -"The human lifespan has a biologically defined limit."
"Many people now survive past age 115."
Estrela asks, "Why are there so many older people in the United States?" When answering Estrela, which is NOT a force that a developmentalist should mention? -"Life expectancy has risen." -"The baby boomers are entering later life." -"Fertility rates are dropping."
"Minorities now live just as long as whites."
Aniya says she is really looking forward to being old. Which is NOT an old-age perk that Aniya might legitimately mention? -"People will treat me better, because they will see me as fragile and in need of care." -"I'll be able screen out negative events better, and I'll be calmer." -"I'll have more freedom to do exactly what I want."
"My life will be more exciting than it is today."
Are there effective anti-Alzheimer's drugs? As of 2015, the answer is: -"Yes, if the medicines are taken at the middle stages of the illness." -"Yes, if the medicines are taken at high doses." -"Yes, if the medicines are taken in the last stages."
"No."
Preventing people from getting injured and offering a clearly structured predictable daily routine help individuals with early _____.
Alzheimer's disease
A student says, "What is the point of using the memory strategies in this book, as I can look up everything I want to know on the Internet?" Based on the text, which is the BEST answer that can be used as a reply? -"You are absolutely right since technology has eliminated the need to memorize material." -"You are wrong, because people now need to memorize more things than before." -"The over-reliance on technology has made young people less intelligent today, so you are wrong."
"There are still many things you need to remember, like faces and names, that require 'memorizing' on your own."
If Nari is caring for her mother who has Alzheimer's disease, which is NOT a good suggestion for Nari? -"Keep your mom safe by putting buzzers on doors and turning off the stove." -"Treat your mom like a real person." -"Don't take your mom's insulting remarks personally."
"Use memory exercises to stimulate your mom's brain."
Which is NOT a statement that researchers (as of 2015) are apt to make about Alzheimer's disease? -"We want to diagnose Alzheimer's at the earliest possible stage." -"We want to find out what causes the formation of amyloid." -"We want to devise tests that predict the onset of the disease."
"We want to understand why people who do mental exercises rarely get Alzheimer's."
Which is NOT a comment that embodies the principles of socioemotional selectivity theory? -"What makes me happy is my focus, because I'm 80 and have only have a short time to live." -"I only have a short time to live because I'm 80, so I'll spend as much time as possible with my family." -"Now that I'm 80, I only have a short time left to live. So I won't sweat the small stuff."
"What happens now doesn't matter, because, now that I'm 80, my best years have passed."
Dr. Bone is discussing the prevalence of osteoporosis. Which statement should he make? -"Men need not worry about this condition, as only women develop osteoporosis." -"Broken arms caused by osteoporosis are a major risk factor for entering a nursing home." -"Obese women most often get osteoporosis."
"Women are more susceptible to this condition because they have thinner bones."
Dr. Hernandez is discussing gender differences in adult health. Which of the following should he say? -"Women are more likely than men to develop chronic diseases that result in death." -"Women die sooner than men." -"Women live longer and are healthier than men."
"Women live longer, but report more adult health problems than men."
Victor says, "In the past, people revered the elderly." After reading this chapter, how should a student respond? -"Wrong! Every culture looks down on people once they reach a certain age." -"That depends on the society." -"Yes, that's absolutely correct."
"Wrong! Every culture looks down on people who have the frailties of old age."
The main cause of limiting independent living later in life is: -poor hearing. -difficulty with divided-attention tasks. -early stage dementia.
"lower body" impairments.
Describe the two major alternative U.S. living arrangements for the elderly with ADL (activities of daily life) impairments who do not need nursing-home care. Discuss these settings' pluses and minuses.
(1) Continuing-care retirement communities: The elderly person enters fairly healthy and then is offered different levels of care as ADL impairments advance. Pros: provides an optimum person-environment fit and eliminates concerns about burdening children. Cons: expensive; also, group living can promote the development of status hierarchies. (2) Assisted-living facilities: freestanding places designed for people with moderate ADL impairments. Pros: offers more homey, non-institution-like care; provides an ideal person-environment fit for people who do not require the intense care of a nursing home. Cons: relatively expensive; person will have to move again to a nursing home when the impairments become more severe.
Put the following nations in the correct order: (1) richer after retirement—at least until recently; (2) no government-funded retirement; (3) basic or minimal government assistance, but not much more.
(1) Germany; (2) Mexico; (3) the United States
Link the appropriate groups to the following statements: (1) Die quicker at a younger age; (2) live longer, but have more illnesses during adult life; (3) get chronic illnesses and die at younger ages.
(1) men; (2) women; (3) poor people
Which are the defining characteristics of (1) vascular neurocognitive disorder and (2) Alzheimer's disease?
(1) small strokes; (2) senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Given recent advances in life expectancy, as of 2015, people who live to be 65 years old can expect to live about _____ more years. -6 -12 -24
18
People who retire in their early sixties can expect to live for about _____ more years. -2 -6 -10
20
Grandma Rosa has just been diagnosed with a major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) in its early stage. On average, her family can expect her to survive for another: -6 months. -year. -decade.
4 to 10 years.
The _____ genetic marker heightens the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
APOE-4
Which of the following is NOT a contradiction about old-age? -The young-old are very different from the old-old. -Some older people are active and healthy, while others are frail and impaired. -While we equate aging with mental and physical decline, we also gravitate to the elderly for positive traits.
Ageism exists only among the young, not the old.
Which is the most effective strategy to prevent later-life hearing loss? -Wear ear muffs in the cold. -Take vitamins. -Eat healthy foods.
Avoid noisy environments.
Discuss the basic principles of Laura Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory. Accompany your discussion with specific examples from the lives of older people you know. What is your opinion of Carstensen's idea that people get happier in later life?
Basic premise of socioemotional selectivity theory: (1) As people get older and feel their life may soon end, their priority shifts to making the most of their present life. People avoid unpleasant situations and emotions. (2) People center their priorities on their closest attachment figures—preferring to spend time with family and our closest friends. Students should describe examples highlighting these points, or they may talk about how an older person they know might not fit the theory. Students' opinions will vary about Carstensen's idea that people get happier in older age.
Because underfeeding can increase the maximum lifespan, a colleague asks if he should adopt that strategy. Having read the text, which is the MOST appropriate response? -Yes; go for it! -It's hopeless, as researchers have documented that underfeeding doesn't work in humans. -Underfeeding can put off cancer, but no other disease.
Be cautious since what applies to rats may not fit human beings.
Based on the text, which is NOT a good suggestion to give to an elderly relative? -Follow your passions and be generative. -Have a sense of purpose in life. -Avoid distractions and give yourself more time when you need to memorize material.
Be sure to go out and meet a lot of new people.
Who MOST likely will choose to work as long as possible? -Halima, age 58, who wants to travel the world -Dylan, age 65, who has an excellent pension -Faith, age 62, who prefers to spend time golfing
Ben, age 70, who is highly educated, loves his job, and is in good health
Describe the challenges that widowed people face and, also, some predictors of having a rocky time in widowhood. If possible, make reference to a widowed person you know as an illustration of your points.
Challenges for widowed people: mourning a closest attachment figure; performing tasks the other person used to do; remaking an identity as a single person. Predictors of a rocky widowhood: being insecurely attached to a spouse and, especially, having few widowed friends (for women). For men, in particular: living alone; having a spouse die suddenly. For women, in particular: having a partner die at an off-time age; economic troubles; living in an unfriendly society.
Dr. Korir is a 68-year-old college professor. His health is deteriorating, but he wants to continue working at a high level. Based on Baltes's selective optimization with compensation model, which of the following should the professor do? -Ignore his health problems and do the best he can. -Retire, as he won't be able to fully master his job. -Stay on the job, but care less about performing well.
Choose which aspect of his job, such as teaching or research, he likes best, and then work especially hard at that task.
_____ is the main risk factor for falling in later life. -Being thin -Diabetes -Obesity
Dizziness
Elizaveta's brother has just been diagnosed with diabetes. Which of the following is NOT true? -This disease attacks many organs. -Diabetes promotes overall aging. -This disease is often a consequence of being obese.
Diabetics often die in childhood.
Roger has read this chapter and wants to figure out if his 60-year-old uncle will be happy in retirement. Which is NOT a question Roger needs to ask? -Is my uncle happily married? -Is my uncle open to experience, and does he have plans for this new life stage? -Does my uncle have enough income to leave work?
Did my uncle work at a high-pressure job?
An elderly loved one is still driving, but it's clear that the sensory-motor impairments are making this activity difficult. First, spell out the dilemmas a family and society face in this situation, and then suggest some creative actions to take.
Dilemmas: Despite being at high risk of having an accident, people may need to keep driving in order to live independently. It's also going to be demeaning and difficult for a loving family member to decide to "take away the keys." The problem is that society can't really intervene, as weeding out dangerous drivers requires giving each individual over a certain age a whole battery of tests. Students might bring up the fact that since many people can still drive safely at 80 plus or 90 plus, it's unfair and discriminatory to bar anyone over a certain age from this vital life activity—and, moreover, taking this action is counterproductive, as it will automatically add to the societal cost of disability in later life. In addition to modifying the driving environment to make this activity more age friendly, or building walkable communities, students should come up with a unique solution or set of solutions for addressing this pressing social issue.
_____, or tasks in which people must monitor something else while simultaneously memorizing material, are unusually difficult for everyone, especially older adults.
Divided attention
_____ refers to a communication style in which people talk to elderly people like babies.
Elderspeak
To possibly reduce the risk of developing a major neurocognitive disorder (NCD), what is the BEST strategy? -Engage in mental exercise. -Take vitamins. -Give up eating red meat.
Engage in physical exercise.
Describe procedural, semantic, and episodic memory, and give a concrete example from your own life for each system. Also, indicate how vulnerable each facet of memory is to deterioration.
Episodic: memory of ongoing life events, highly vulnerable to deterioration. Semantic: memory of basic life facts or a person's fund of knowledge; moderately resilient. Procedural: automatic, skill-oriented memories; highly resilient; located in a lower brain center; preserved into Alzheimer's disease. Examples students might mention: a random life experience (episodic); a well-preserved factual memory (semantic); and an "unconscious" motor skill or activity (procedural).
Describe the prevalence, causes, and consequences of falling in later life.
Falling is relatively common in later life, and hip fractures—due to osteoporosis—cause governments countless dollars in hospitalizations and nursing-home care. As the number-one risk factor for falling is dizziness, avoid over medicating older people; also, older adults might try to improve gait and balance by enrolling in exercise programs focused on improving those skills. Another strategy to minimize falling is to remodel one's home: improving lighting, installing low-pile wall-to-wall carpeting, grab bars, and so forth. If mobility problems are severe, medical scooters can keep a person physically connected to the world.
A widowed woman's family relationships determine how well she copes with losing a spouse.
False
ADL (activities of daily life) impairments become common in the young-old years.
False
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults are highly motivated to meet interesting strangers and make new friends.
False
After being widowed, sadness and depression are the primary emotions people feel.
False
Age discrimination is rare since laws forbid that practice at work.
False
Alternatives to nursing homes, such as assisted-living facilities, are widely available to all Americans.
False
Alzheimer's disease is caused by small strokes that limit the brain's blood supply.
False
Alzheimer's disease is virtually universal among people in their nineties.
False
Developmentalists now divide elderly people into the young-old, people who are still working, and the old-old, people who are retired.
False
Every bereaved person benefits from joining a widowhood support group.
False
Giving up driving is not an important issue for older adults; so, for everyone's safety, people over a certain age should have their licenses revoked.
False
Many babies born today will live beyond the maximum lifespan.
False
Most nursing home aides feel their work is meaningless.
False
Most people who retire at age 66 get depressed.
False
Older adults perform better on memory tasks when they have to recall information quickly.
False
Older people greatly appreciate being talked to in elderspeak.
False
People do not experience age-related vision changes until the sixties.
False
People over 65 selectively focus on depressing events.
False
People with Alzheimer's disease cannot live a fulfilling life.
False
Researchers are very close to curing Alzheimer's disease.
False
Social Security provides an ample financial cushion for older people.
False
Soon, people can expect the average age of retirement to decline.
False
The average baby boomer has enough assets to retire at age 65.
False
The key to improving memory is to continually go over material in one's mind.
False
The socioeconomic health gap—or illness disparity between richer and less affluent people—first appears around age 60.
False
The vast majority of people in their eighties are unhappy and socially isolated.
False
Virtually all U.S. nursing homes provide substandard care.
False
Why is the median age (the age at which half the population is older and half is younger) rising in the developed world? -The baby boom generation is dying off. -Birth rates are going up. -Life expectancy is decreasing.
Fertility is declining and the baby boomers have entered later life.
Discuss several reasons why men die earlier than women, but females report more health problems throughout adult life.
Forces explaining males' shorter life expectancy: more mid-life heart attacks; being less health aware or prone to go to the doctor when ill; very important, the extra female X chromosome makes women basically biologically hardier than men. Reasons women live longer but are more frail: greater susceptibility to disabling age-related chronic diseases, such as arthritis and osteoporosis, that do not cause death; the need to visit doctors more often due to pregnancy, menstruation-related issues etc.
_____ are MOST important in predicting how well women adjust to widowhood.
Friends (or "Friendships")
Which older adult has reached Erikson's integrity? -Bopha, who is looking forward to many new projects -Andrew, who loves spending time with his wife -Osa, who is happy to relax and enjoy life
Gabor, who feels he has lived a rich, fulfilling life
While driving, a 75-year-old grandma and her grandchild witness a terrible car crash. Based on the research, which of the following will MOST likely be true? -The grandchild will be better at emotionally blocking out the distressing images. -Grandma and her grandchild will both have flashbacks of the distressing images for years. -Grandma and her grandchild will both quickly get over the distressing images.
Grandma will be better at emotionally blocking out the distressing images.
_____ is the MOST important illness causing men's lower life expectancy compared to that of women.
Heart disease
Choose a specific older adult in your life and, with reference to this individual, discuss ways in which the research on memory may help you better understand and help this person.
Here, answers will vary, but students should make reference to, among other things, presenting material to older adults more slowly; avoiding difficult memory tasks such as those demanding divided attention; teaching the use of mnemonic techniques as a memory aid; encouraging the use of selective optimization with compensation, in addition to training older people in memory improvement techniques. Also, understand that complaints about serious memory problems might indicate depression, and so take action to improve the person's life situation and emotional state.
Maria is a low-income Latino female; Marcia is a low-income white woman. Statistically speaking, which of these two U.S. residents is likely to live longer and be healthier? -Marcia will live longer and be healthier. -Both women have an equal chance of getting ill. -Marcia will live longer, but only if she reaches 65.
Maria will live longer and be healthier.
To reduce rates of disabling chronic diseases, which is NOT a strategy the text suggests? -Focus on improving children's lives. -Work to eradicate poverty and improve education. -Build caring communities.
Improve medical technologies for treating old-age illnesses.
With regard to healthy years of life, which statement is NOT true? -Men live longer in health than women. -Women are more likely than men to have ADL (activities of daily living) impairments in their older years. -Total life expectancy is longer than the years people can expect to live in health.
In some nations, the average person stays healthy until the day of death.
Which is NOT a neuroscience finding relating to memory and age? -When the memory task is difficult, the elderly brain shuts down. -When the memory task is easy, the elderly brain needs to "work harder." -Frontal lobe activation patterns differ on easy and difficult memory tests.
Individual neurons look different on memory tests.
_____ refers to issues related to balancing the needs of the old and the young.
Intergenerational equity
Based on the text, which is the MOST sensible policy to reduce the risk of old-age driving? -Make people over 65 take yearly vision tests. -Forbid people from driving after age 75. -Give families total decision-making power over whether an older loved one should drive.
Invest in mass transportation so older people do not have to drive to function independently.
Which is the oldest nation, population-wise? -China -the United States -Egypt
Italy
Which three nations have the "oldest" populations? -China, the United States, and Russia -Sweden, China, and Russia -China, Japan, and India
Italy, Japan, and Germany
Who is using a mnemonic technique to remember names? -Kintu, who writes the name in his daily planner -Dilshad, who repeats the name again and again -Heidi, who asks her husband to remember the name
Janet, who conjures up a visual image that she relates to the person's name
Who is using ALL the principles of selective optimization with compensation to help memory? -Kathy, who writes down everything that might be important that day -Lala, who asks other people to remember for her, because she believes her memory is so poor -Dembe, who believes that his memory is so good that he will automatically recall everything.
Jing, who focuses on what he needs to remember most, takes special time to remember those facts, and uses a daily planner to make sure he doesn't forget
An elderly uncle has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and a family member has decided to care for him in his home. What advice might help this caregiver?
Join an Alzheimer's support group; do not take difficult behavior personally; keep the person safe by installing buzzers on doors, unplugging the stove, and so forth; provide predictable, structured routines, and employ external aids to jog memory; accept the individual's limitations, but be empathetic and understand that there is a real person inside. Focus on what is important in life, such as showing love. Also get outside care giving help when the situation causes too much stress; tell the family member who is the caregiver that confronting the many challenges of this situation may help him or her grow as a human being.
Which middle-aged worker is subject to overt, or obvious, age discrimination? -Iiang, who is working at an established firm -Jeremiah, who works at a supermarket -Junko, who is a university professor
José, who is looking for a new job
_____ is the name for any illness that causes serious, progressive cognitive decline.
Major neurocognitive disorder; NCD
What is the BEST key to easily remembering material? -Rehearse the information again and again. -Make the information automatic. -Focus on remembering only easy facts.
Make the information emotionally vivid.
All of these people have basic ADL (activities of daily life) impairments EXCEPT: -Mrs. Im, who cannot dress herself. -Mrs. Johnson, who cannot get to the toilet. -Mr. Cortez, who needs nursing home care.
Mr. Horowitz, who is ninety years old.
Which of the following does NOT explain why women statistically out-survive men? -Women get fewer early heart attacks. -Females are prone to take better care of their health. -Women are biologically hardier.
Men are naturally more depressed.
In which nation do MOST elderly people still have to work? -The United States -Germany -Italy
Mexico
Who is MOST likely to die of a heart attack in midlife? -Tim, a happily married man -Fadila, an unmarried woman -Setsuko, a married woman
Minh, an unmarried man
_____, or strategies to make information emotionally vivid, help people remember episodic material best.
Mnemonic techniques
According to the information-processing perspective, which is NOT an age-related force that impairs memory? -The executive processor doesn't work as well. -Poor focusing ability causes irrelevant thoughts to intrude. -Neural deterioration has occurred in the frontal lobes.
Mnemonic techniques don't work.
Who is MOST likely to survive to the nineties? -Ali, a wealthy European American man -Francisco, a Latino man -Belinda, a Latino woman
Mona, a wealthy European American woman
Dr. Developmental is giving a lecture on personality in later life. Which is NOT a point that he can make? -Older people are calmer than younger adults. -Life satisfaction in old age is apt to decline when people get physically disabled and feel socially isolated. -Most older people feel satisfied with life.
Most older people are unhappy.
Which person is MOST likely to have serious troubles coping with widowhood? -Mr. Chen, who moved to a retirement community several years ago -Mr. Smith, who had a wonderful, close marriage -Mr. Ortega, who has a compelling life passion
Mr. Agnos, whose wife died suddenly and unexpectedly
Describe the normal changes in vision that occur with age, and then discuss strategies that older adults can use to compensate for these problems.
Normal age-related changes due to the lens: inability to focus on close objects (presbyopia); sensitivity to glare; inability to see well in dim light (or at night). Interventions: get rid of glare-producing overhead fixtures; provide strong indirect lighting; enlarge letters or numbers on phones, keyboards, and other reading materials; use non-reflective appliances; check out medical interventions—in particular, cataract operations that can easily "cure" vision impairments due to a cloudy lens. Also, definitely take advantage of low-vision services that offer a variety of innovative aids when problems become severe.
What is the relationship between normal aging and chronic disease? -The signs of normal aging are totally different than chronic disease. -Normal aging is exactly the same as chronic disease. -Normal aging begins at the same age as does chronic disease.
Normal aging changes, when they get severe, often become chronic disease.
What is the bottom-line message in the text about later-life happiness? -Old age is typically the happiest life stage. -The old-old years are typically happy even when a person is not in good health. -Old age is the most depressing life stage.
Old age can be the happiest life stage if people are healthy, young-old, and fairly affluent.
_____ is the name for the chronic, age-related disease in which the bones become porous and fragile and break easily.
Osteoporosis
Which U.S. 65-year-old is LEAST apt to put off retirement? -Shen, whose assets are under 100,000 dollars -Charlaine, who will have to rely on Social Security alone -Karin, who loves her job
Paul, who is married
In general, which elderly adult with severe ADL [activities of daily living] impairments is LEAST likely to have to live in a nursing home? -Marge, who is widowed, with one son who lives across country -Edison, who is divorced -Yoenis, who has dementia
Pedro, who lives with his wife, and has a daughter who is willing to take him in
Which is NOT an explanation for why the median age (the age at which half the population is older and half is younger) has increased dramatically in the developed world? -Life expectancy has risen. -Birth rates are declining. -The baby boom generation has entered later life.
People have children at younger ages.
Which of the following does NOT explain why scientists are pessimistic about extending the human maximum lifespan? -Aging has complex causes, so a single anti-aging intervention won't work. -Evolution programmed the human body not to survive beyond the grandparent years. -What applies to rats may not apply to humans.
People love to eat more than they should.
Which stereotype about the elderly is TRUE? -People treated the elderly better in the "good old days." -In China, people feel much better about old age than do people in the West. -Young people are especially negative about old age.
People see the elderly as wise.
Older people in _____ are the MOST anxious about their retirement years. -The United Kingdom -France (western Europe) -Germany (northern Europe)
Poland (Central Europe)
Based on the research, which stereotype is TRUE of older workers? -being bossy (or less compliant) -making mental mistakes -taking many sick days
being reliable
Spell out the predictors of happiness in later life, and then suggest how these forces affect the young and old-old.
Predictors of later life happiness: being relatively healthy; having loving attachments; being generative; and, most of all, having a sense of life purpose. While these attributes become less likely for people as they travel into the old-old years, many people in their eighties continue to be relatively happy, and even some remarkable 90-year-olds feel an enduring purpose in life.
_____ memory resides in a lower-brain center, and still stays intact even into Alzheimer's disease. -Episodic -Semantic -Easy
Procedural
To limit the risk of falling in later life, which is NOT a helpful strategy? -Avoid using excessive medications. -Enroll in exercise programs focused on improving gait. -Take measures to prevent dizziness.
Refuse to leave home.
Based on the text, which is the MAIN psychological effect of entering a nursing home? -Residents get frustrated because they have to do everything on their own. -Functioning often improves because now residents are getting social stimulation. -People feel energized and pleased to have others take care of their every need.
Residents lose self-efficacy because their every need is taken over by other people.
Explain the forces predicting retiring or not retiring, and explain how these decision-making influences apply to a baby boomer you know. Have this person's retirement choices fit the text chapter points? If the person is still working and over age 65, why is that individual still in the labor force?
Retirement decisions depend on the following: 1) The adequacy of the person's pensions and assets ("Will I have enough money to live for 15 or so years?"); 2) health ("Am I well enough to continue working?"); and 3) age discrimination at work ("Am I being treated as less competent by my co-workers?" "Do I feel that older people are less competent at their jobs?"). People also decide to retire to fulfill other compelling passions (such as volunteering, going back to school, or pursuing an absorbing hobby on a full-time basis) or choose to work past the traditional retirement age because they are healthy and love their jobs. Students should mention at least a few of these forces in discussing the life choices of this particular person.
Which person is discussing intergenerational equity? -Shosha, who is upset that her tax dollars are going to food stamps -Sang, who doesn't like the fact that her friends are on Pell Grants while she has to pay the full cost for college -Silvio, who feels upset that he can't go to college because his family can't afford the cost
Sandro, who is angry that the elderly get paid for health care while, until recently, young people don't
A women is losing her vision, and there is nothing medically that can be done. Which of the following is the BEST advice? -Focus on making the best of it. -Let family members take over everything. -Go for psychological treatment.
Search out low-vision services, as there are many devices that can help.
Which older woman is living in a continuing-care retirement community? -Samantha, who has a private room in a facility for people with moderate ADL (activities of daily life) impairments -Sophia, who is living in a facility that provides continuous 24-hour care -Selina, who is continuing to care for herself at home, while also getting help from the community
Sharon, who has an apartment in a residential complex that offers different levels of care when she becomes ADL (activities of daily life) impaired
According to the author, which of the following is NOT a tip for being happy in old age? -Be generative. -Feel a sense of purpose in life. -Believe you are still developing and growing as a person.
Spend a good deal of time thinking about the past.
Select someone you know well who is currently in his or her fifties or sixties. Based on this person's life circumstances—finances, available family members to help, overall health, personality, and so forth—devise a care plan for when impairments due to ADL (activities of daily life) develop. How do you think this person might feel about moving to an elder-care setting discussed in the text or being cared for by family members at home? How would this person react to living in a nursing home? (Be specific, making clear reference to the alternatives to institutionalization and nursing-home issues discussed in the book.)
Students should mention the living arrangements and services available to the frail elderly (continuing-care retirement community, assisted-living facility, day care) and offer speculations as to whether this individual will—or can financially—take advantage of these alternatives. Students should also list the family members who might be willing to care for the person in their homes (that is, to avoid nursing-home placement). In discussing adjustment to a nursing home, students should mention these problems and challenges: loss of privacy, having to submit to institutional schedules, depending on others for their needs.
Outline some forces explaining the socioeconomic health gap during adult life by putting yourself in the place of a hypothetical low-income person and citing concrete examples to illustrate your points.
Students should offer examples of how the many life frustrations associated with being poor promote high-risk behaviors, such as smoking or drinking. They might mention how working at several low-wage jobs make engaging in health-promoting activities, such as exercise or buying healthful but costly foods, impossible. Students also might specifically mention factors such as living in dangerous neighborhoods, being more apt to be single, and so forth.
Generalizing from the text, which statement is NOT true of Alzheimer's patients? -They can courageously face their disease. -Some can still enjoy life. -They can still adore and appreciate loved ones.
They never know they have the disease.
Describe one crucial social policy retirement-related issue. Then, suggest at least one creative antidote to this problem.
Students should pick from the following issues: workforce age-discrimination, the looming U.S. Social Security crisis, old-age poverty, or intergenerational equity. Creative solutions could range from public awareness efforts touting the virtues of older workers, to providing economic incentives for companies and institutions to hire elderly people. Students might suggest public policy efforts to encourage people to save for retirement or an increase in Social Security benefit levels. (I believe the major issues relate to paying adult workers enough so they can save for retirement.)
Which older person does NOT need to worry about financing long-term care? -Starratt, who lives in the United States -So Ling, who lives in China -So Lu, who lives in Korea
Sven, who lives in Norway
In which nation do the elderly have the FEWEST retirement worries? -Mexico -The United States -Portugal
Sweden
When at a restaurant with an elderly hearing-impaired person, which of the following is NOT helpful? -Sit at a quiet table. -Be sure that the menu is easy to read (and the restaurant well lit). -Speak distinctly and face the person.
Talk in elderspeak.
What is the MAIN difference between the U.S. retirement philosophy and the German approach? -The United States wants older people to retire in comfort. -Germany discourages retirement at any age. -Germany wants more people to retire at a young age.
The United States puts the main burden on saving for retirement on the individual.
If Josh's uncle has presbycusis, which is NOT an assumption Josh should make about his uncle? -Hearing high-pitched tones will be particularly difficult. -Hearing in noisy environments will be worst. -Social situations may be especially uncomfortable.
The cause is deterioration in the outer ear.
Ileane is making the case that people get happier in later life. Which of the following is NOT an argument she should make? -Older people selectively focus on positive experiences. -The elderly have fewer day-to-day stresses, pressures, and hassles. -People treat the elderly especially kindly.
The elderly no longer care about family and friends.
According to this chapter, which will be the case during the next decades? -More people will live beyond the maximum lifespan. -Far fewer people will reach age 100 than they do today. -Scientists will find a solution, or magic bullet, that prevents aging.
The human maximum lifespan will be roughly the same as today.
When Dr. Rust is lecturing about the human maximum lifespan, which is NOT a statement he can make? -This is the barrier age beyond which people must die. -A few people worldwide live to age 110. -The maximum lifespan is genetically determined.
The maximum lifespan is increasing due to better medical care.
Describe trends in the median age of the population in the developed world and the forces underlying these changes.
The median age of the population is increasing throughout the developed world; in Italy and Japan, in a few decades, it will top age 50. The reasons: declining fertility; baby boomers reaching later life; and rising life expectancy.
When a 30-year-old and 70-year-old make a memory mistake, what do people tend to think? -Both adults are mentally declining. -Both adults have too much on their mind. -The 30-year-old is "mentally declining"; the 70-year-old has too much on his or her mind.
The older adult is "mentally declining"; the young person has too much on his or her mind.
Which of the following does NOT explain why experts believe U.S. baby boomers lack the funds to retire? -Wages during the working years for this cohort stagnated, or did not keep up with inflation. -The people in this cohort want to take care of their struggling daughters and sons. -The Great Recession of 2008 reduced the value of the average baby boomer's assets.
This entitled cohort preferred to over-spend during their working years.
Which person is MOST likely to be happy in retirement? -Teresa, who decided to leave work at age 63 -Thad, who felt forced out of his job -Tenchi, who isn't getting along well with his wife
Thelma, who has a good pension and a compelling retirement passion
In 2015, Dr. Belsky, the author of this textbook, made a presentation to a U.S. Senate Committee about pressing retirement-related issues. Which of the following is NOT a concern she would have presented? -People are likely to retire at an older age because of inadequate assets. -It's hard for laid-off older workers to get new jobs because of age discrimination. -There will be fewer workers to finance Social Security because the huge baby boom cohort is entering later life.
There won't be as many options for retirees to volunteer or go back to school because the huge baby boom cohort is entering later life.
Which of the following is NOT true of Alzheimer's caregivers? -They can grow as human beings and feel more competent through this experience. -These people are probably undergoing incredible stress. -They are apt to find their loved one's behavior puzzling and frightening.
These people have a relatively easy time.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when people realize their future is limited, they focus on making the most of every moment.
True
Education affects aging rates.
True
Excessive exposure to noise leads to age-related hearing loss.
True
Memory of basic facts is called semantic memory.
True
Memory of the ongoing events in life is called episodic memory.
True
Most people who retire go back to work for at least some time.
True
Normal aging changes occur slowly over years.
True
Poor Latino Americans outlive poverty-level white Americans.
True
Procedural memory—the ability to "remember" to perform well-learned skills—can be retained even into Alzheimer's disease.
True
The age-related sensory change that causes the MOST serious interpersonal problems is hearing loss.
True
The average nursing home resident in the United States is female and in her late eighties to nineties.
True
The median age of the population is rising in most of the developed world.
True
The normal age-related vision changes people experience are often caused by changes in the lens.
True
The physical losses of normal aging at their extreme often become chronic disease.
True
Widowed men who live alone are at high risk for suicide.
True
Women outlive men, but report more health problems throughout adult life.
True
Which quality does NOT differentiate the young-old from the old-old? -health -wealth -happiness
U.S. location
A magazine article claims that soon people will be able to live to age 1000. First, outline the research suggesting that scientists can increase maximum life expectancy, and then argue why the same experts feel these life extension hopes are misplaced.
Underfeeding rats can increase this species' life expectancy by 60 percent. The key is to restrict calories, but also to offer a nutritionally rich diet, allowing the animals few empty calories. But, there are serious problems with extending this research to humans: First, what applies to rats does not necessarily fit people, as some interventions that worked with rats are toxic to human beings. The total body breakdown called "aging" has complex causes; so, one magic bullet for a human aging intervention is unlikely to work. Finally, even in the healthiest societies, only a small fraction of people doesn't live beyond age 100. So, at least for the foreseeable future, extending the lifespan to 120—much less 1000—is going to be very hard.
Which is NOT a mnemonic technique that could help someone master the terms in this book? -Think of the word "ocean" since its letters relate to the names of the Big Five traits. -Visualize fluid running down a drain to remember the type of intelligence that falls off quickly with age. -Visualize a hard crystal to remember the type of intelligence that grows with age.
Use flashcards to go over and over the relevant terms.
Generalizing from the text, how curable are late-life vision problems compared to hearing impairments? -Hearing impairments are potentially more curable because of hearing aids. -Neither vision nor hearing impairments can be cured. -Both vision and hearing impairments are easily cured.
Vision impairments are potentially more curable because of cataract operations.
Dr. Danzig is lecturing on widowhood. Which is NOT a statement she should include? -Friends, rather than family members, are most helpful in determining how people adjust. -There is a much higher risk of men dying after losing a spouse, but only if the death of the spouse was sudden. -Widowhood causes fluctuating emotions.
Widowed people just feel incredibly depressed during the first year of bereavement.
Who is MOST likely to be depressed? -a 65-year-old who has just retired -a 70-year-old who has never married -a 100-year-old who is married, with close friends who are living
a 90-year-old who is socially isolated and physically frail
Who is LEAST likely to be poor in old age? -a U.S. woman in her eighties -someone who retires in the United States after working at a low-wage job -someone who retires early in the United States because of health concerns
a German retiree in his eighties
If Grandma Nadira has a hearing impairment, which sound will she hear BEST? -the server taking an order in a crowded restaurant -the flute in a local orchestra -her 8-year-old granddaughter talking
a car approaching in the driveway
A severely clouded lens causes which chronic eye condition? -glaucoma -macular degeneration -diabetic retinopathy
a cataract
Jorge and Edna are affluent, in their mid-seventies, and in relatively good health. Their three-bedroom house is more than they have the energy to care for, and they worry what will happen as they get older and frailer. Drawing on the text, which alternative might be BEST for this couple? -an assisted-living facility -a day-care program -home health services
a continuing-care retirement community
Who is MOST at risk of developing hearing problems in middle age? -a professor of psychology -the actor on a reality show -a sales associate
a drummer in a rock group
All of these careers tend to produce hearing problems at younger ages EXCEPT: -a rock musician. -a construction worker. -an airline baggage handler.
a lawyer.
Statistically speaking, who is likely to die at the youngest age? -a poorly educated woman -any man -any woman
a poorly educated man
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, all of these adults should prefer to spend special time with their significant others EXCEPT: -an older person. -a person with a serious illness. -someone going off to war.
a young person.
When Zoe, aged 75, goes down stairs, she moves slowly and cautiously because she is afraid of falling and ending up in a nursing home. Zoe is: -being overly paranoid. -making her condition worse. -especially concerned about breaking an arm.
acting appropriately.
Who is LEAST likely to live in a nursing home? -old-old women -people with Alzheimer's disease -people with basic ADL (activities of daily life) impairments
adults with a few instrumental ADL (activities of daily life) problems
Around the world, adults who are _____ tend to be healthier and survive longer.
affluent (or "wealthy"; "well off")
On easy memory tasks, older people perform: -far worse than the young. -better than the young. -better or worse than the young, depending on the test.
almost as well as the young.
Marc has instrumental ADL [activities of daily living] impairments. He lives alone, has sufficient financial resources, and does not require 24-hour nursing care. Which care option might be ideal for Marc? -a continuing-care retirement community -a nursing home -day care
an assisted-living facility
Caroline's troubles with cooking and cleaning make living independently impossible, but she can still walk and feed herself. Which housing alternative would be best for Caroline? -a continuing-care retirement community—if she has the money -a continuing-care retirement community—whether she is middle class or not -an assisted-living facility—whether she is middle class or not
an assisted-living facility—if she has the money
Who is MOST likely to be forced to work until he or she is disabled and/or dies? -a U.S. older person -a German older person -an older adult in Norway
an elderly person in Mexico
Which older adult is LEAST likely to say, "I love being old"? -a young-old person -a healthy, active person -a person with a loving family
an old-old person
The socioeconomic health gap: -begins in old age. -begins in middle age. -is widest in the developed world.
appears in every nation.
Personality research suggests that older people: -are depressed and demoralized. -are angry at life. -live as if they are in the past.
are calmer than young people.
The late-life positivity effect suggests that the elderly: -are more unrealistic than the young. -are more impaired than the young. -have poorer memories than the young.
are happier because, with age, people have a bias to screen out negative events.
Research suggests that older people _____ to use hearing aids. -love -are thrilled -never want
are often reluctant
Rajivini's husband of 50 years has recently died. Her children have been encouraging her to attend temple, and she has agreed. If she is like many widows, Rajivini may: -attend temple more and more frequently for the rest of her life. -stop attending temple after a couple of visits. -search for a new religion.
attend temple more often during the first months of widowhood, and then decrease to her former level.
Two years ago, Hermia lost her husband of 40 years. All tof hese forces predict Hermia is coping well EXCEPT: -having close friends. -having a life passion. -having a secure attachment to her spouse.
attending a widowhood support group.
Based on the memory research, an older actress should do all of the following EXCEPT: -be wary of trying out for roles with a huge number of lines. -start studying her lines early and spend more time going over her part. -rather than memorizing everything word for word, focus on getting at the emotional meaning of her lines.
avoid this activity, if she is over 65.
The MOST important step to improve an adult's hearing with presbycusis is to reduce noise, or loud sounds, in the _____.
background
William is a certified nursing assistant (CNA) in a nursing home facility. According to the text, on the wages William makes, he can: -comfortably support his family. -provide for his family and care for his own ailing mother. -live very well.
barely make ends meet.
Miriam is 80 and cannot walk or dress herself. Miriam has _____ ADL (activities of daily life) impairments and may need to move to nursing home. -serious -chronic -instrumental
basic
Problems with dressing, getting to the toilet, and eating independently, are examples of _____ impairments.
basic ADL (or "basic activities of daily life")
At age 76, Jason needs almost constant care. He can no longer stand without assistance or go to the bathroom by himself. Jason has problems with: -dementia. -arthritis. -instrumental ADLs [activities of daily living].
basic ADLs [activities of daily living].
Seventy-year-old Laticia lives in rural Tennessee with her husband. The couple has a daughter who recently visited with three grandchildren. When one of her grandchildren asks, "Grandma, how long have you lived here?" Laticia replies, "We've lived in Georgia for the last 20 years." In fact, Laticia and her family moved away from Georgia almost 40 years ago. Laticia may be suffering from early stage dementia because she is forgetting _____ information. -complex episodic -procedural -simple episodic
basic semantic
Compared to younger people, older people tend to: -have trouble regulating their emotions. -focus on sad events instead of happy events. -perform poorly at emotion management tasks.
be better at shutting out upsetting stimuli.
Mary is 75. Statistically speaking (and based on the research), when Mary has an unpleasant experience she will: -be more upset than a younger person. -be equally upset as a young person. -have feelings that cannot be generalized or predicted.
be less upset than a younger person.
Jeannie, a highly intelligent 45-year-old woman, has the APOE-4 marker for Alzheimer's. Jeannie will: -be less likely to get Alzheimer's disease in her older years than someone without this marker. -definitely develop Alzheimer's disease in her older years. -definitely develop Alzheimer's disease within the next few years.
be more likely to get Alzheimer's disease in her young-old years than someone without this marker.
Mona's grandma has just been widowed. Research suggests that Mona should: -recommend that grandma join a widow's support group. -take over grandma's difficult tasks. -be upset if grandma feels relieved after her husband died.
be there to express her care and concern, but not take over grandma's life.
All of these forces are life shortening EXCEPT: -living in a crime-ridden neighborhood. -eating high-fat foods and not exercising. -undergoing severe childhood stress.
being a high-powered executive.
Feeling fulfilled in old age depends on: -relaxing and taking things easy. -having a family and grandchildren. -avoiding challenging situations.
being generative and having a sense of life's meaning.
Which memory task does NOT involve divided attention? -memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while talking on a cell phone -memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while watching TV -memorizing this chapter in Experiencing the Lifespan while taking notes in a biology lecture
daydreaming about something you read in Experiencing the Lifespan while driving home
Grace has just been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Grace has a major type of a general category of problem known as: -Asperger's syndrome. -low intelligence test score. -macular degeneration.
dementia.
All these normal age-changes make younger people want to avoid the elderly EXCEPT: -slowness. -hearing problems. -memory issues.
depression.
According to the information-processing perspective, older people have all of the following problems EXCEPT: -difficulty in selectively attending to information. -deficits in working memory. -frontal lobe impairments.
deterioration of procedural memory.
As of 2015, all are hot topics for scientists researching Alzheimer's disease EXCEPT: -preventing the development of amyloid. -developing tests to diagnose Alzheimer's at its earliest stage. -understanding why senile plaques form.
devising better mnemonic techniques.
What is the MOST important disease promoting overall aging? -osteoporosis -glaucoma -arthritis
diabetes
As of 2105 in the United States, older people face concerns about inadequate retirement funds and _____ in the work force.
discrimination (or "age-related discrimination")
In the United States, Social Security comes from the _____. -private industry -individual savings -family inheritances
federal government
Mingyu is describing the emotional advantages of being old. Based on the text, she can mention all of the following pluses EXCEPT: -being calmer and better able to focus on positive events. -having fewer daily life hassles. -being treated more kindly by others.
feeling less isolated from people.
When she is recently widowed after a half-century-long marriage, a grandma can expect to confront all of these challenges EXCEPT: -coping with the loss of her primary attachment figure. -needing to master unfamiliar tasks her husband used to perform. -redefining her identity from "married person" to "single adult."
feeling more distant from her family.
Which symptom is NOT normal during "early" widowhood? -feeling very sad -feeling happy -focusing on the events surrounding the death
feeling that family members don't care
Baby boomers entering later life, plus declining _____ rates, contribute to the rising median age in the developed world.
fertility
Imagine visiting the United States in 2030. Based on current trends, a time traveler would notice all of these changes EXCEPT: -many more elderly people. -more people working past age 65. -more poor elderly people.
fewer people working past age 50.
Most people begin to worry that their memory has significantly declined when they reach their _____. -thirties -seventies -eighties
fifties
Theresa is a nursing-home aide. She is LEAST likely to complain about: -the incredibly low pay. -too few people on staff to provide adequate care. -the low status of the job.
finding no meaning in her work.
Ms. Airy is an architect who specializes in elderly housing. Her buildings should have all of these design features EXCEPT: -low-pile carpeting. -grab bars in bathrooms. -easy to open cabinets and shelves.
fluorescent lighting or skylights.
Latisha has pancreatic cancer but still feels well. Generalizing from socioemotional selectivity theory, she would tend to do all of the following EXCEPT: -focus just on her main life passions. -spend time with the people she most loves. -ignore unpleasant people (and events) and put a priority on being happy.
focus obsessively on the depressing statistics relating to her disease.
All are symptoms of major neurocognitive disorders (NCD) or dementia, in their advanced stages EXCEPT: -being unable to speak. -being bedridden. -forgetting how to swallow.
forgetting names.
Dr. Cognition is describing early symptoms of a major neurocognitive disorder (NCD). She should mention all of the following EXCEPT: -personality changes. -problems with semantic memory. -forgetting basic facts, such as the name of town where the person lives.
forgetting to swallow while eating.
The brain's "master planner," responsible for executive functions such as selective attention, is located in the _____ lobes. -parietal -temporal -occipital
frontal
Carl is furious that the elderly get special senior-citizen discounts on goods and services while young people don't. Carl is experiencing an issue of _____. -pro-elderly equity -unfair equity -health-related equity
intergenerational equity
A mother confesses that she sometimes feels relieved and happy at how well she has been able to cope since her husband died. The daughter should assume that this: -is a sign that her mom didn't really love her dad. -means her mom is denying her loss. -means her mom should join a widowed person's group.
is a normal response.
If someone has the APOE-4 marker, this person: -will definitely get Alzheimer's disease. -is at higher risk of getting vascular neurocognitive disorder. -will definitely get vascular neurocognitive disorder.
is at much higher risk of getting Alzheimer's disease.
A major neurocognitive disorder (NCD): -refers only to Alzheimer's disease. -describes any neurological problem that causes damage in middle and later life. -describes the memory problems most older adults have.
is the label for any illness that causes serious, progressive cognitive loss.
Neuroscientists find that when older adults memorize easy material, they activate _____ regions of the brain. -smaller -curvier -no
larger
Ilana, an avid knitter, noticed recently that, for the first time, she was having trouble seeing the hole through which to pull the knitting needle. Ilana is most likely in her: -late 20s or 30s. -60s or 70s. -70s or early 80s.
late 40s or 50s.
Age losses on the most difficult memory tests begin in the _____. -forties -fifties -sixties
late twenties
A fifty-something mom says, "I can't see well in the dark, and I can't see anything close up." The reason is that, by this age, the _____ of the eye gets cloudier and can't bend well. -cornea -retina -pupil
lens
The structure of the eye MOST responsible for normal age-related changes in vision is the _____.
lens
Ubaldo is discussing how to change roads to make them safer for elderly drivers. He might recommend all of these strategies EXCEPT: -increasing lighting on roads, exit ramps, and signs. -minimizing the need to make left turns into traffic by installing more traffic lights. -installing bike lanes in cities so riders don't have to dart in front of cars.
limiting the number of traffic lights so older drivers do not have to stop and start often.
The typical elderly driver: -gives up driving. -drives just as often as before. -drives faster to compensate for sensory-motor losses.
limits driving to low-risk situations.
The text suggests the main reason why low-income Latinos live longer than expected is that they: -exercise more. -have lower diabetes rates. -work at more physically demanding jobs.
live in supportive, nurturing communities.
According to the textbook author, successful aging involves people: -avoiding physical deterioration. -acting as they did when they were young. -having good genes.
living meaningfully no matter what their physical state.
A device in train stations and theaters that beams messages directly to a user's hearing aid, bypassing background noise, is called a hearing _____. -assist -amplifier -sound
loop
By the old-old years, what is a person's chance of having NO chronic diseases? -fifty-fifty -high -excellent for someone who is upper-middle class
low
Social Security offers a(n) _____ retirement stipend.
low (or "minimal"; "inadequate")
Which activity does NOT mainly depend on reaction time? -accelerating when the light turns green -avoiding getting hurt by a flying object -remembering a name quickly
mastering the information in this book
Although average life expectancy has increased dramatically, the _____ lifespan has not changed at all. -median -mean -minimum
maximum
All aging changes are normal EXCEPT that they: -progress gradually. -involve physical deterioration. -often become chronic disease at their extreme.
may be prevented if people take care of their health.
Seamus works out for hours at his local fitness center with his iPod blasting. Seamus: -is doing the best for all aspects of his health. -may be preventing heart disease, but causing a later-life vision problem. -may be preventing heart disease, but causing osteoporosis.
may be preventing heart disease, but causing a later-life hearing problem.
If Ashton has just been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, he: -definitely is going to get Alzheimer's disease in the next few years. -definitely is going to get a vascular neurocognitive disorder. -is not at risk for deteriorating further cognitively.
may get Alzheimer's disease or may improve.
Compared to Germany, the Social Security System's financial support for U.S. retirees is _____. -excellent -about average -varies, depending on the individual
meager (or poor)
Fred is 82. He refuses to stop driving because "Giving up my wheels would mean I couldn't take care of myself anymore. I would have to go into a home or depend on my children to take me everywhere." Based on this chapter, Fred's response is: -unusual; most older adults give up driving. -appropriate, as Fred should be completely safe. -inappropriate; Fred can ask his family for help.
normal, but somewhat dangerous.
A recently widowed person tells her grandson, "I keep going over Grandpa's final days and hours. Sometimes I find myself searching for him in the house." Research suggests, this reaction is: -normal for the first year after being widowed. -abnormal, as it's a sign of being emotionally disturbed. -normal, but only among religious widows.
normal, especially in the first months of bereavement.
All are difficulties faced by the certified nursing assistant who provides the hands-on care in nursing homes EXCEPT: -earning poverty-level wages. -chronic understaffing, making it difficult to provide adequate care. -having a low-status job.
not being able to form a long-term relationship with residents.
Based specifically on socioemotional selectivity theory, an older person's social media activities would differ from those of a young adult in all of these ways EXCEPT: -listing far fewer "friends." -posting more comments related to family. -saying he or she uses social media to keep in touch with family.
not caring as much about using social media.
Which is NOT a legitimate reason for reluctance in moving to a continuing-care retirement community? -having to give up the memories attached to your home -feeling that you are giving up your former identity -needing to confront the status hierarchies involved in group living
not getting the appropriate help as your health needs change
The MAIN retirement issue for the typical U.S. baby boomer is: -receiving lower Social Security benefits. -being in ill health. -never wanting to retire.
not having the funds to support retirement for decades.
If families cannot provide care, people with basic ADL problems need a(n): -day-care program. -assisted-living facility. -continuing-care retirement community.
nursing home.
Which physical indicator does NOT predict dying at a younger-than-average age? -short telomeres -a high allostatic load -impaired vision
obesity
Sean is 82-years old. Developmentalists classify Sean as: -young-old. -elderly. -frail.
old-old.
Currently, most people are retiring at _____. -younger ages -age 64 -age 70
older ages
Italy has an especially high proportion of _____. -large families -people in their twenties -babies
older people
The paradox of well-being refers to the fact that: -young people report higher levels of happiness than older people. -well-being has many paradoxical features. -it's hard to measure happiness or well-being.
older people report higher levels of happiness than young people.
During the first months of bereavement, people can expect all of these symptoms EXCEPT: -being obsessed with the events surrounding the death. -feeling the impulse to search for a spouse. -fluctuating, contradictory emotions.
only feeling incredibly depressed.
Mrs. Hernandez's joint cartilage has worn away. Mrs. Hernandez has _____. -asthma -diabetes -osteoporosis
osteoarthritis
Clara's bones have become so fragile that simply standing up can cause them to break. Clara has _____. -asthma -diabetes -osteoarthritis
osteoporosis
All of the following are true of Hispanic Americans who live in poverty EXCEPT that they tend to: -outlive poverty-level European Americans. -outlive African Americans. -receive social support from other Hispanic Americans.
outlive Asian Americans.
Professor Stanwyck, a 50-year-old instructor at a community college, is beginning to have problems reading students' papers, especially when the students use small fonts and print their work on white paper. Professor Stanwyck MOST likely is developing: -glaucoma. -macular degeneration. -presbycusis.
presbyopia.
Knowing how to drive a car is in _____ memory, the system least vulnerable to deterioration with age. -episodic -semantic -cortical
procedural
Which memory system is preserved the longest, even into Alzheimer's disease? -semantic memory -episodic memory -periodic memory
procedural memory
According to the text, all of the following are recommendations for ways to respond to a bereaved person EXCEPT: -expressing care and concern. -listening openly. -giving emotional support.
providing a great deal of advice.
Solutions for later-life driving impairments include investing in better _____ transportation.
public
If a grandpa has impaired sight, having read this chapter, his granddaughter might suggest all of the following strategies EXCEPT: -enlarging letters on his computer screen. -experimenting with using new devices, such as glasses, that can read for him. -using non-reflective materials on appliances.
putting fluorescent lights on his ceiling.
Calorie restriction has all of these documented benefits EXCEPT: -increasing rats' maximum lifespan. -retarding the aging process in animals. -putting off puberty until an older age in rats.
raising the human maximum lifespan.
Underfeeding, or offering a low-calorie, highly nutritious diet, can increase the maximum lifespan of _____.
rats
If a 70-year-old says, "I won't be as happy in five years as I am today," this person MOST likely is: -seriously depressed. -lying. -suffering from a chronic disease.
reacting like many people that age.
The MAIN reason why elderly people move so slowly lies in losses in _____.
reaction time
All are examples of semantic memory EXCEPT: -remembering what university you are attending. -recalling your major. -remembering the name of your significant other.
recalling what a professor said in class last week.
Which memory situation is easiest? -remembering where you met a person in a picture -remembering the name of a person in a picture -remembering on what day you met a person in a picture
recognizing a person in a picture
Sheila's uncle says, "I have presbyopia." This means that this man can't: -see distant objects well. -see in the dark very well. -hear as well as he used to.
see close objects well.
Khalid has reached his late 50s. You can predict that he will have all of the following visual problems EXCEPT troubles: -seeing in dim light. -with glare. -seeing close up.
seeing in daylight.
The late-life positivity effect refers to the fact that older people: -are nicer than young adults. -believe they are better than young adults. -take more positive actions than young adults.
selectively focus on positive events.
A psychologist is evaluating Karl. As part of the evaluation, the psychologist asks Karl some basic factual questions such as "Who was the first U.S. President?" The psychologist is testing Karl's _____ memory. -episodic -declarative -procedural
semantic
As of 2015, retirement has become a(n) _____ phase of life than before.
shorter
Mr. Yeo, age 65, has Alzheimer's disease. When scientists examine his brain, they will definitely find all of these physical changes EXCEPT: -neurofibrillary tangles. -senile plaques. -amyloid.
small strokes.
Ms. Clark has been diagnosed with vascular neurocognitive disorder. When scientists examine her brain, they will mainly find: -senile plaques. -amyloid. -neurofibrillary tangles.
small strokes.
Your friend, Carrie, is concerned that her mother may be showing early signs of Alzheimer's disease. All of the following are good pieces of advice that you could offer to Carrie EXCEPT to: -keep the environment stable and predictable. -respect her mother's "personhood." -seek help from an Alzheimer's support group.
take her mother for a brain scan to look at individual neurons.
All are correlated with living a long time EXCEPT: -having close, nurturing relationships. -being well educated. -being affluent.
taking vitamins.
In the United States, nursing homes are mainly financed by _____. -family members -the older person -Medicare
taxpayers
What information from this course will a student MOST likely remember a few years from now? -the material that student memorized most thoroughly -the professor's face and name -the semester that student took this course
the material that affected that student emotionally
A baby born today may possibly survive_____. -to age 1000 -to age 130 -to 85 but not older
to the maximum lifespan, but not beyond
In order, which is an example of an instrumental ADL (activities of daily living) and a basic ADL (activities of daily life) impairment? -trouble dressing oneself; trouble cooking -trouble feeding oneself; trouble cooking -trouble cleaning house; trouble cooking
trouble cooking; trouble feeding oneself
Men have particular trouble coping with the _____ death of a spouse.
unexpected (or "sudden")
Surveys suggest that when older adults have permanently impaired vision, these people: -want relatives to take over everything. -feel a sense of relief. -always get incredibly depressed.
use creative techniques to cope.
Which of the following best describes the quality of nursing-home care in the United States? -typically excellent -good to average, for the most part -uniformly poor
varies from excellent to substandard, but mainly fair to poor
Vanessa was recently diagnosed with dementia. In pinpointing the specific type of dementia, doctors explain that this woman's illness, called _____, involves impairments in the vascular blood system, or network of arteries feeding the brain. -Pick's disease -Alzheimer's disease -Parkinson's disease
vascular dementia
The two main diseases that cause a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) are Alzheimer's disease and _____ disorder.
vascular neurocognitive
If Grandma Lanying has Alzheimer's disease, which memory will remain intact longest? -her name -her birthday -her address
what it feels like to hug a loved one
Older men are statistically much more likely to die after they lose a spouse suddenly. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect. -male mortality -spousal mortality -elderly mortality
widowhood mortality
The elevated risk of death that occurs among men after a spouse dies is called the _____ effect. -continuing bonds -morbidity -irreversibility
widowhood mortality
In polls, most adults see the elderly as _____. -angry -unhappy -mean
wise
Based on socioemotional selectivity theory, a grandma's top priority should be to spend time: -at the senior center. -trying out new activities. -relaxing.
with her family.
The adult MOST likely to survive for years while physically impaired is a _____. -man -poor person -rich person
woman
Which group lives longer but gets more illnesses during adult life? -men -Latinos -African Americans
women
Regularly texting and checking the Internet during class lectures make test performance: -unchanged, as multitasking is "easy" for kids who have grown up in the digital age. -better, as it helps to focus the mind. -unchanged if students have already practiced that ability.
worse.
To increase healthy years of life, society should focus mainly on improving the health of _____. -middle-aged and old people -young-old people -old-old people and women
young people
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, a(n) _____ is most likely to willingly do something he or she really dislikes. -older person -female -male
young person
