Chapter 13 Quiz

A syllogism is valid if a. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. b. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. c. the two premises and the conclusion are true. d. there is evidence to support the two premises.

a.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using ____________________.

inductive reasoning

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) ________________.

availability heuristic

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? a. Making a left turn on a green light b. Choosing an entree from a menu c. Turning the lights off at bedtime d. Zipping your jacket when it's cold

b. choosing an entree from a menu

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman? a. Rapid b. Deliberate c. Passive d. Automatic

b. deliberate

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy. a. gains; risk-taking b. gains; risk-aversion c. losses; risk-taking d. losses; risk-aversion

b. gains; risk-aversion

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. conjunction rule b. permission schema c. availability heuristic d. atmosphere effect

b. permission schema

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. b. Lydia is a state governor. c. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.

c.

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the a. typicality principle. b. permission schema. c. confirmation bias. d. falsification principle.

c. confirmation bias

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. confirmation bias. b. the falsification principle. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. utility.

c. the representativeness heuristic

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.

conditional

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was a. greatest for accepted offers. b. dependent on how much money the responder was offered. c. greatest for rejected offers. d. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

d.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they a. incorrectly apply the permission schema. b. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. c. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. d. ignore the falsification principle.

d.

Utility refers to a. how useful a reasoning process is. b. degree of risk aversion one has. c. the validity of a syllogism. d. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

d. outcomes that achieve a person's goals