Bio 20: Photosynthesis
ADP
A molecule containing two high- energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP; abbreviation of adenosine diphosphate
Photon
A packet of light
Chemiosmosis
A process of synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme
Reduction
A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons
Oxidation
A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons
ATP Synthase Complex
A specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP
Thylakoid
A system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
ATP (Components)
ADP+ Pi=
Carotenoids
An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
Low Energy Photons
Photons with long wavelengths (Radio waves, Red)
High Energy Photons
Photons with short wavelengths (Gamma Rays, Purple)
ATP
A molecule containing 3 high energy phosphate bands that acts as the primary energy transferring molecule in living organisms; abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate
Grana (singular "Granum")
Stacks of thylakoids
Light Dependent Reactions- Grana
The first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmatic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
Thylakoid Lumen
The fluid- filled space inside a thylakoid
Chlorophyll
The light- absorbing green colored pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis
Thylakoid Membrane
The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains
Carbon Fixation
The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules
Stroma
The protein- rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast
Light Independent (Dark) Reactions- Stroma
The second set of reactions in photosynthesis, (the calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy
Thylakoid Lumen Structure
Thylakoid space Increases SA and increases absorbtion of light photons
Calvin Cycle (Sepcifics)
Uses NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2 to G3P which is then used to make glucose. Glucose then made into carbohydrates
Stage Two (Light dependant)
Using captured solar energy to make ARP and to transfer high energy electrons to NADP+; Yeaild
Stage Three (Light independant)
Using energy stroed in ATP and high energy electrons carried by NADPH to form energy rich organic molecules such as glucose from CO2
Produce a phosphate
When you transfer a hydrodrogen
Overall Photosystems
Hydrogen trapped by NADP= NADPH; Energy stored as ATP; NADPH and ATP passed into dark phase
Chlorophyll A
(Blue- Green) Primary Light Absorbing, only pigment that can transfer sunlight energy to reactions of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll B
(Green- Yellow) Accessory Pigment, absorbs photons Chlorophyll A absorbs poorly/ not at all
Photolysis
A Chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light, in photosynthesis water molecules are split by photolysis
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy
Photosystem
A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy
NADP+
A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons forming NADPH, Is an electron acceptor; abbreviation of nicotinamide; adenine dineucleotide phosphate
Chloroplast
A membrane- bound organelle in green plants and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Chemical Equation
CO2(g) + H2O (l) + Energy = C6H12O6(s) + O2
Stage one (Light dependant)
Capturing solar energy and transferring it to electrons
Photosynthesis Word Equation
Carbon Dioxide+ Water+ Energy= Glucose+ Oxygen
Why we see Green
Chlorophyll's A and B absorb violet, red, light but reflect 500nm- 600nm light so we see green light
Chloroplast Structure
Contains Chlorophyll, Approx 3um to 8um length and diameter= 2um to 3um, Has two limiting membranes (outer and inner) they enclose the stroma, typically have 60 grana with 30-50 thylakoids each
Light
Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR)
NADPH (function)
Electron Doner gives to support functions
Greater Surface Area (SA)=
Greater efficiency
Lamellae (singular "Lamella")
Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana
Photosystem 1
Light captured, transferred to chemical energy electrons loosened electrons go through electron transport system (ETC) NADP+H= NADPH Goes to Calvin Benson cycle/ Carbon fixation
Photosystem 2
Light hits the H2O molecule, splits it, H used in electron chain, O given off as cellular resparation, water electrons passed down the cytoplasm system forming ATP
Polysacrite
Plants store sugar as a
ATP (function)
Primary energy transferring molecules across cell membrane, immediete energy for growth