Bio 20: Photosynthesis

ADP

A molecule containing two high- energy phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds that may be formed by breaking one of the phosphate bonds in ATP; abbreviation of adenosine diphosphate

Photon

A packet of light

Chemiosmosis

A process of synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

Reduction

A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons

Oxidation

A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons

ATP Synthase Complex

A specialized protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ to escape from the lumen and uses the resulting energy to generate ATP

Thylakoid

A system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast

ATP (Components)

ADP+ Pi=

Carotenoids

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

Low Energy Photons

Photons with long wavelengths (Radio waves, Red)

High Energy Photons

Photons with short wavelengths (Gamma Rays, Purple)

ATP

A molecule containing 3 high energy phosphate bands that acts as the primary energy transferring molecule in living organisms; abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate

Grana (singular "Granum")

Stacks of thylakoids

Light Dependent Reactions- Grana

The first set of reactions of photosynthesis in which light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, powers chemiosmatic ATP synthesis, and results in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH

Thylakoid Lumen

The fluid- filled space inside a thylakoid

Chlorophyll

The light- absorbing green colored pigment that begins the process of photosynthesis

Thylakoid Membrane

The photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains

Carbon Fixation

The process of incorporating CO2 into carbohydrate molecules

Stroma

The protein- rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast

Light Independent (Dark) Reactions- Stroma

The second set of reactions in photosynthesis, (the calvin cycle); these reactions do not require solar energy

Thylakoid Lumen Structure

Thylakoid space Increases SA and increases absorbtion of light photons

Calvin Cycle (Sepcifics)

Uses NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2 to G3P which is then used to make glucose. Glucose then made into carbohydrates

Stage Two (Light dependant)

Using captured solar energy to make ARP and to transfer high energy electrons to NADP+; Yeaild

Stage Three (Light independant)

Using energy stroed in ATP and high energy electrons carried by NADPH to form energy rich organic molecules such as glucose from CO2

Produce a phosphate

When you transfer a hydrodrogen

Overall Photosystems

Hydrogen trapped by NADP= NADPH; Energy stored as ATP; NADPH and ATP passed into dark phase

Chlorophyll A

(Blue- Green) Primary Light Absorbing, only pigment that can transfer sunlight energy to reactions of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll B

(Green- Yellow) Accessory Pigment, absorbs photons Chlorophyll A absorbs poorly/ not at all

Photolysis

A Chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by light, in photosynthesis water molecules are split by photolysis

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy

Photosystem

A cluster of photosynthetic pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast that absorbs light energy

NADP+

A compound that accepts one hydrogen atom and two electrons forming NADPH, Is an electron acceptor; abbreviation of nicotinamide; adenine dineucleotide phosphate

Chloroplast

A membrane- bound organelle in green plants and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

CO2(g) + H2O (l) + Energy = C6H12O6(s) + O2

Stage one (Light dependant)

Capturing solar energy and transferring it to electrons

Photosynthesis Word Equation

Carbon Dioxide+ Water+ Energy= Glucose+ Oxygen

Why we see Green

Chlorophyll's A and B absorb violet, red, light but reflect 500nm- 600nm light so we see green light

Chloroplast Structure

Contains Chlorophyll, Approx 3um to 8um length and diameter= 2um to 3um, Has two limiting membranes (outer and inner) they enclose the stroma, typically have 60 grana with 30-50 thylakoids each

Light

Electro Magnetic Radiation (EMR)

NADPH (function)

Electron Doner gives to support functions

Greater Surface Area (SA)=

Greater efficiency

Lamellae (singular "Lamella")

Groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

Photosystem 1

Light captured, transferred to chemical energy electrons loosened electrons go through electron transport system (ETC) NADP+H= NADPH Goes to Calvin Benson cycle/ Carbon fixation

Photosystem 2

Light hits the H2O molecule, splits it, H used in electron chain, O given off as cellular resparation, water electrons passed down the cytoplasm system forming ATP

Polysacrite

Plants store sugar as a

ATP (function)

Primary energy transferring molecules across cell membrane, immediete energy for growth