BIO 201 - Chapter 2 & 4
Atomic Number
# of protons
True
As temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break. The polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule. The fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming. A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds. The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds. The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched. Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron).
Carbon may form non-polar and polar bonds in same molecule
C-H and C-C bonds are electrically neutral and nonpolar Oxygen is more electronegativethan carbon, thus these bonds are polar
Carboxyl
COOH weak acid
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrate
Which of the following is an important feature of carbon and that makes life possible?
Carbon can form a maximum of 4 covalent bonds.
Which of the following are important features of carbon and the diversity of organic molecules?
Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other elements. Carbon bonds may occur in multiple different configurations such as linear, ringlike, and highly branched. Carbon can form both polar and nonpolar covalent bonds with various elements. Carbon bonds are stable at the range of temperatures associated with life. All the choices are correct.
outermost shell is full
Helium & Argon
1 electron shell
Hydrogen & Helium
Fatty Acid
Lipid
Amino
NH2 acts as a base
Same # of electrons in outermost shell
Nitrogen & Phosphorus
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Hydroxyl
OH polar
Phosphate
OPO3^2- negatively charged ion (anion) energy transfer (ATP)
Amino Acid
Protein
Sulfhydryl
SH
3 electron shells
Sodium & Chlorine
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed (but a lot of hydrogen bonds strong together)
A polar covalent bond is created when ______
atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.
Two electron shells
carbon & nitrogen
Ionic Bonds
electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another Na+ + Cl- --> NaCl
Carbonyl
ketone & aldehydes polar CO ( C=O)
This class of macromolecules serves as important energy stores and is a major component of plasma membranes.
lipids
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
liquid at room temperature oil found primarily in plants and plant products double bonds with carbon backbone
Isomers
molecules with same molecular formula but different structures and properties
Saturated Fatty Acid
no double bonds within carbon backbone solid at room temperature comes primarily from animal and animal products
Amphipathic molecules
possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
Mass #
protons + nuetrons
What level of protein structure, characterized by coils and folds, results from hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups of the polypeptide chain?
secondary
Glycogen is to animal cells as ________ is to plant cells.
starch
hydrocarbons
store large amounts of energy
Covalent Bond
strong chemical bond due to the SHARING of electrons *tendency of molecule to want to complete valence shell so two molecules share electrons
Which portion of an amino acid is unique among the different amino acids?
the side chain or R-group