Bio 205: Chapters 1, 5, 6, and 7 Exam
functions of connective tissue
-Bind organs - Support -Physical protection -immune protection -movement -storage (Blood and Bone) -Heat Production -Transport
Gylcosaminoglycans
-a long polysaccharide composed of disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid -negatively charged and attract sodium and potassium ions which cause it to absorb and retain water -maintain water and electrolyte balance
theory
-an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypothesis -summarizes what we know and suggests directions for further studies
link between anatomy and physiology
-anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function -anatomy and physiology complement each other
Aristotle
-believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes -supernatural causes of disease theologi -called natural causes for disease physiologi -gave rise to the term physician and physiology -believed complex structures were built from simpler parts
Andreas Vesalius
-catholic church relaxed restrictions on dissection of cadavers -performed his own dissections rather than having barber-surgeons dissect -published first atlas of anatomy in 1543 -Father of anatomy
Holocrine
-cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, becoming the secretion instead of releasing it -glands of scalp, some skin and eyelid glands
what properties do most connective tissues have in common?
-cells occupy less space than extracellular matrix -cells are not in direct contact with each other -vary in blood supply
Osteon
-central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Peer Review
-critical evaluation done by other experts in the field by using verification and repeatability of results -ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science
Fibrosis
-damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue filled with collagen produced by fibroblasts -holds organs together, but does not restore normal body functioning
William Harvey
-early physiologist whose contributions represent the birth of experimental psychology -published book on the motion of the heart -realized blood flows out from heart and back to it again
Hypertrophy
-enlargement of preexisting cells -found in muscles and adipose
Schleiden and Schwann
-examined wide variety of specimens -concluded that all organisms were composed of cells -found the first tenant of cell theory -considered to be the most important breakthrough in biomedical history -all functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity
Avicenna
-galen of islam -combined both galen and aristotles findings with original discoveries -wrote the canon of medicine used in medical schools for 500 years
Law of nature
-generalization about the way matter and energy behave -results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations -written as a verbal statement or mathematical formula
Hippocrates
-greek physician -father of medicine -established a code of ethics (Hippocratic oath) -urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons
Brown Fat
-in fetuses, infants and children -color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes -heat generating tissue
Leewenhoek
-invented a simple microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics -published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings and many others
Maimonides
-jewish physician who wrote 10 influential medical texts -was a physician to egyptian sultan, Saladin
mucous membrane
-lines passages open to the external environment (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive) -has 2-3 layers (epithelium, areolar connective tissue called lamina propia, and a layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae) -absorbs, secretes and protects
Endocrine Glands
-lose contact with the surface and have no ducts -secrete products directly into the blood -release hormones (pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands)
Hooke
-made many improvements to compound microscope with an ocular and an objective lens -published first book on microscopy -first to see and name cells
Matrix of connective tissue
-made up of ground substance and fibers -fibers can include collagen, reticular or elastic cartilage -ground substance is a gel-like fluid containing glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins
White Fat
-more abundant/main type of fat -only fat found in adults -provides thermal insulation -cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys -contributes to body contours
Chondroitin Sulfate
-most common glycosaminoglycan -abundant in blood vessels and bone, gives cartilage its relative stiffness
Adult stem cells
-occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues -some are multi-potent, such as blood stem cells -most are unipotent and can only develop in one type of cell
Desmosome
-patches cells together, but does not prevent substances from passing between -resist mechanical stress -hook like J shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton that anchor it to the membrane plaque
Galen
-physician to roman gladiatiors -did animal dissections because use of cadavers was banned -saw science as a method of discovery -teachings were adopted as a dogma in Europe and the Middle Ages
Necrosis
-premature tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc -includes infarction (sudden death of tissue because blood supply is cut off) and gangrene (death due to insufficient blood supply, usually created by infection)
Fibroblasts
-produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of tissue
Apoptosis
-programmed cell death -when cells have served their purposes, they die so that they do not mutate or get in the way of new cells -failure of cells to undergo apoptosis leads to cancer
Merocrine/eccrine
-release products by exocytosis -tear, pancreas, salivary, and most other glands
Regeneration
-restores normal function to damaged organs by replacing dead or damaged cells with the same type of cells as before
Unicellular gland
-secretory cells found in epithelium that is primarily non-secretory -can be endocrine or exocrine -found in the respiratory system, stomach and small intestines
proteoglycan
-shaped like a bottle brush with a central core of proteins and bristle-like outgrowths of gag -form thick colloids -attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules in the matrix;
Atrophy
-shrinkage of tissue through a loss in cell size or number -result of aging or disuse
Serous membranes
-simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue -release a serous fluid that lubricates insides of body cavities such as the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Gap junction
-six transmembrane proteins surrounding a water filled channel that allow ions, glucose, amino acids and other small solutes from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another -found in embryos, cardiac/smooth muscle, and lens/cornea of the eye
tight junctions
-tightly joins neighboring cells and makes it difficult for substances to pass between -found in the stomach, intestines and membrane proteins
Embryonic stem cells
-totipotent and can develop into many structures including cells of the embryo, placenta and embryonic sac -cells become pluripotent about 4 days after fertilization and then can develop into any cell in the embryo
Exocrine glands
-usually maintain contact with the surface because of a duct -released products to the surface of the body (sweat, mammary, tear) or into cavities (mouth/intestine)
How does the body repair damaged tissues?
1) blood vessels bleed into the cut, mast cells release histamine to dilate blood vessels 2) Blood clots form in the cut to stop pathogens from entering the body, a scab forms 3)New capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into the wound. A soft mass called granulation tissue is formed 4) the epithelial region regenerates and a scar is formed
modes of tissue shrinkage and death
Atrophy, necrosis, apoptosis
Three embryonic tissue layers
Ectoderm- an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system Mesoderm- middle layer that gives rise to mesenchyme, which becomes cardiac muscle, bone and blood Endoderm- innermost layer that gives rise to to the mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract and digestive glands
hypothesis
an educated speculation or possible answer to a question
an epithelium rests on a layer called the _________ between its deepest cells and the underlying connective tissue
basement membrane
Soma
cell body that houses nucleus and other organelles
tendons and ligaments are made mainly of the protein _________.
collagen
Neurons
conduct nerve impulses
membranes in the body
cutaneous, mucous, serous
canaliculi
delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other -allows osteocytes to communicate
Tendons are composed of __________ connective tissue
dense regular
Macrophages
destroy bacteria, foreign particles or dead cells
Neoplasia
development of a tumor
tubular
duct and secretory portion have uniform diameter
which is the primary germ layer
ectoderm
the shape of the external ear is due to ___________
elastic cartilage
the most abundant formed elements of blood
erythrocytes
governments of england and france
established academies of science that still exist today
what distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues
excitable tissues have a membrane potential that respond to stimuli
Dendrites
extend from the soma with several branches, receive signals from other cells
adipocytes
fat cells that can store energy
muscle cells and axons are often called ___________ because of their shape
fibers
the collagen of areolar tissue is produced by __________
fibroblasts
cells found in connective tissue
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
apocrine
form a product that is a packaged to be released elsewhere
compound
have branched ducts
Scientific fact
information that can be independently verified
Mast cells
inhibit blood clotting and release blood cells
Frances Bacon and Rene Descartes
invented the scientific method
osteocytes and chondrocytes occupy little cavities called
lacunae
fibers and ground substance make up the ____________ of a connective tissue
matrix
osteocytes
mature bone cells within lacunae
the simple squamous epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity is called
mesothelium
How do the structural differences between the epithelial tissues affect their function
multiple layers are good for abrasion protection and single cells are good for diffusion
a ________ adult stem cell can differentiate into two or more mature cell types
multipotent
any form of pathological tissue death is called __________
necrosis
simple
one unbranched duct
how can tissues change from one type to another
regeneration, fibrosis and granulation tissue
acinus
secretory cells form a dilated sac
tubuloacinar
secretory cells in both tubular and acinar portions
Axon
sends signal to other cells
the external surface of the stomach is covered by
serosa
Any epithelium in which every cell touches the basement membrane is called a _________ epithelium
simple
of the three major categories of muscle, is the only one that never has gap junctions is
skeletal muscle
cutaneous membrane
skin (stratified squamous resting on connective tissue
Granulation tissue
soft mass of cells that are a precursor to scar tissue
a fixative serves to ________
stop tissue decay
a seminiferous tubule of the testes is lined with ________ epithelium
stratified cuboidal
glial cells
support neurons
Plasma cells
synthesize antibodies to fight disease
Where is transitional epithelium found?
the urinary system
_______ prevent fluids from seeping between epithelial cells
tight junctions
Hyperplasia
tissue growth through cell division and multiplication
Periosteum
tough fibrous connective tissue covering the entire bone
Leukocytes
white blood cells that fight disease