Bio 205: Chapters 1, 5, 6, and 7 Exam

functions of connective tissue

-Bind organs - Support -Physical protection -immune protection -movement -storage (Blood and Bone) -Heat Production -Transport

Gylcosaminoglycans

-a long polysaccharide composed of disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid -negatively charged and attract sodium and potassium ions which cause it to absorb and retain water -maintain water and electrolyte balance

theory

-an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypothesis -summarizes what we know and suggests directions for further studies

link between anatomy and physiology

-anatomy is the study of structure, physiology is the study of function -anatomy and physiology complement each other

Aristotle

-believed diseases had supernatural or physical causes -supernatural causes of disease theologi -called natural causes for disease physiologi -gave rise to the term physician and physiology -believed complex structures were built from simpler parts

Andreas Vesalius

-catholic church relaxed restrictions on dissection of cadavers -performed his own dissections rather than having barber-surgeons dissect -published first atlas of anatomy in 1543 -Father of anatomy

Holocrine

-cells accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates, becoming the secretion instead of releasing it -glands of scalp, some skin and eyelid glands

what properties do most connective tissues have in common?

-cells occupy less space than extracellular matrix -cells are not in direct contact with each other -vary in blood supply

Osteon

-central canal and its surrounding lamellae

Peer Review

-critical evaluation done by other experts in the field by using verification and repeatability of results -ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

Fibrosis

-damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue filled with collagen produced by fibroblasts -holds organs together, but does not restore normal body functioning

William Harvey

-early physiologist whose contributions represent the birth of experimental psychology -published book on the motion of the heart -realized blood flows out from heart and back to it again

Hypertrophy

-enlargement of preexisting cells -found in muscles and adipose

Schleiden and Schwann

-examined wide variety of specimens -concluded that all organisms were composed of cells -found the first tenant of cell theory -considered to be the most important breakthrough in biomedical history -all functions of the body are interpreted as effects of cellular activity

Avicenna

-galen of islam -combined both galen and aristotles findings with original discoveries -wrote the canon of medicine used in medical schools for 500 years

Law of nature

-generalization about the way matter and energy behave -results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations -written as a verbal statement or mathematical formula

Hippocrates

-greek physician -father of medicine -established a code of ethics (Hippocratic oath) -urged physicians to seek natural causes of disease rather than attributing them to acts of the gods and demons

Brown Fat

-in fetuses, infants and children -color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes -heat generating tissue

Leewenhoek

-invented a simple microscope with great magnification to look at fabrics -published his observations of blood, lake water, sperm, bacteria from tooth scrapings and many others

Maimonides

-jewish physician who wrote 10 influential medical texts -was a physician to egyptian sultan, Saladin

mucous membrane

-lines passages open to the external environment (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive) -has 2-3 layers (epithelium, areolar connective tissue called lamina propia, and a layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae) -absorbs, secretes and protects

Endocrine Glands

-lose contact with the surface and have no ducts -secrete products directly into the blood -release hormones (pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands)

Hooke

-made many improvements to compound microscope with an ocular and an objective lens -published first book on microscopy -first to see and name cells

Matrix of connective tissue

-made up of ground substance and fibers -fibers can include collagen, reticular or elastic cartilage -ground substance is a gel-like fluid containing glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins

White Fat

-more abundant/main type of fat -only fat found in adults -provides thermal insulation -cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys -contributes to body contours

Chondroitin Sulfate

-most common glycosaminoglycan -abundant in blood vessels and bone, gives cartilage its relative stiffness

Adult stem cells

-occur in small numbers in mature organs and tissues -some are multi-potent, such as blood stem cells -most are unipotent and can only develop in one type of cell

Desmosome

-patches cells together, but does not prevent substances from passing between -resist mechanical stress -hook like J shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton that anchor it to the membrane plaque

Galen

-physician to roman gladiatiors -did animal dissections because use of cadavers was banned -saw science as a method of discovery -teachings were adopted as a dogma in Europe and the Middle Ages

Necrosis

-premature tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc -includes infarction (sudden death of tissue because blood supply is cut off) and gangrene (death due to insufficient blood supply, usually created by infection)

Fibroblasts

-produce fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of tissue

Apoptosis

-programmed cell death -when cells have served their purposes, they die so that they do not mutate or get in the way of new cells -failure of cells to undergo apoptosis leads to cancer

Merocrine/eccrine

-release products by exocytosis -tear, pancreas, salivary, and most other glands

Regeneration

-restores normal function to damaged organs by replacing dead or damaged cells with the same type of cells as before

Unicellular gland

-secretory cells found in epithelium that is primarily non-secretory -can be endocrine or exocrine -found in the respiratory system, stomach and small intestines

proteoglycan

-shaped like a bottle brush with a central core of proteins and bristle-like outgrowths of gag -form thick colloids -attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules in the matrix;

Atrophy

-shrinkage of tissue through a loss in cell size or number -result of aging or disuse

Serous membranes

-simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue -release a serous fluid that lubricates insides of body cavities such as the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

Gap junction

-six transmembrane proteins surrounding a water filled channel that allow ions, glucose, amino acids and other small solutes from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another -found in embryos, cardiac/smooth muscle, and lens/cornea of the eye

tight junctions

-tightly joins neighboring cells and makes it difficult for substances to pass between -found in the stomach, intestines and membrane proteins

Embryonic stem cells

-totipotent and can develop into many structures including cells of the embryo, placenta and embryonic sac -cells become pluripotent about 4 days after fertilization and then can develop into any cell in the embryo

Exocrine glands

-usually maintain contact with the surface because of a duct -released products to the surface of the body (sweat, mammary, tear) or into cavities (mouth/intestine)

How does the body repair damaged tissues?

1) blood vessels bleed into the cut, mast cells release histamine to dilate blood vessels 2) Blood clots form in the cut to stop pathogens from entering the body, a scab forms 3)New capillaries sprout from nearby vessels and grow into the wound. A soft mass called granulation tissue is formed 4) the epithelial region regenerates and a scar is formed

modes of tissue shrinkage and death

Atrophy, necrosis, apoptosis

Three embryonic tissue layers

Ectoderm- an outer layer that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system Mesoderm- middle layer that gives rise to mesenchyme, which becomes cardiac muscle, bone and blood Endoderm- innermost layer that gives rise to to the mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract and digestive glands

hypothesis

an educated speculation or possible answer to a question

an epithelium rests on a layer called the _________ between its deepest cells and the underlying connective tissue

basement membrane

Soma

cell body that houses nucleus and other organelles

tendons and ligaments are made mainly of the protein _________.

collagen

Neurons

conduct nerve impulses

membranes in the body

cutaneous, mucous, serous

canaliculi

delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other -allows osteocytes to communicate

Tendons are composed of __________ connective tissue

dense regular

Macrophages

destroy bacteria, foreign particles or dead cells

Neoplasia

development of a tumor

tubular

duct and secretory portion have uniform diameter

which is the primary germ layer

ectoderm

the shape of the external ear is due to ___________

elastic cartilage

the most abundant formed elements of blood

erythrocytes

governments of england and france

established academies of science that still exist today

what distinguishes excitable tissues from other tissues

excitable tissues have a membrane potential that respond to stimuli

Dendrites

extend from the soma with several branches, receive signals from other cells

adipocytes

fat cells that can store energy

muscle cells and axons are often called ___________ because of their shape

fibers

the collagen of areolar tissue is produced by __________

fibroblasts

cells found in connective tissue

fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes

apocrine

form a product that is a packaged to be released elsewhere

compound

have branched ducts

Scientific fact

information that can be independently verified

Mast cells

inhibit blood clotting and release blood cells

Frances Bacon and Rene Descartes

invented the scientific method

osteocytes and chondrocytes occupy little cavities called

lacunae

fibers and ground substance make up the ____________ of a connective tissue

matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells within lacunae

the simple squamous epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity is called

mesothelium

How do the structural differences between the epithelial tissues affect their function

multiple layers are good for abrasion protection and single cells are good for diffusion

a ________ adult stem cell can differentiate into two or more mature cell types

multipotent

any form of pathological tissue death is called __________

necrosis

simple

one unbranched duct

how can tissues change from one type to another

regeneration, fibrosis and granulation tissue

acinus

secretory cells form a dilated sac

tubuloacinar

secretory cells in both tubular and acinar portions

Axon

sends signal to other cells

the external surface of the stomach is covered by

serosa

Any epithelium in which every cell touches the basement membrane is called a _________ epithelium

simple

of the three major categories of muscle, is the only one that never has gap junctions is

skeletal muscle

cutaneous membrane

skin (stratified squamous resting on connective tissue

Granulation tissue

soft mass of cells that are a precursor to scar tissue

a fixative serves to ________

stop tissue decay

a seminiferous tubule of the testes is lined with ________ epithelium

stratified cuboidal

glial cells

support neurons

Plasma cells

synthesize antibodies to fight disease

Where is transitional epithelium found?

the urinary system

_______ prevent fluids from seeping between epithelial cells

tight junctions

Hyperplasia

tissue growth through cell division and multiplication

Periosteum

tough fibrous connective tissue covering the entire bone

Leukocytes

white blood cells that fight disease