BIO 206 Dr. P Chapter 4

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair? A) Adhesions B) Articulations C) Cysts D) Granulomas E) Osteophytes

A) Adhesions

Which of the following is a term used to describe a decrease in the size of cells within a tissue or organ that ultimately results in reduction in the overall size of the tissue or organ? A) Atrophy B) Hyperplasia C) Hypertrophy D) Adhesion E) Anorexia

A) Atrophy

In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells? A) Mucous membrane B) Serous membrane C) Cutaneous membrane D) Synovial membrane E) Plasma membrane

A) Mucous membrane

Which of the following types of tissues contains multinucleated cells whose movements are under voluntary control? A) Skeletal muscle B) Smooth muscle C) Cardiac muscle D) Transitional epithelium E) Areolar tissue

A) Skeletal muscle

Which of the following is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin B) Lining the chambers of the heart C) Surrounding the brain D) Inside the ear canal E) In the cartilage found in joints

A) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities.

Adherens junctions and desmosomes

Which of the following figures shows tissue whose functions are secretion and absorption?

B

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the kidney tubules?

B

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues? A) Cells are tightly packed together. B) Large amount of extracellular matrix. C) Contains no blood vessels within tissue. D) Found on the exposed surfaces of the body. E) Line the inside of blood vessels.

B) Large amount of extracellular matrix.

Which of the following is classified as loose connective tissue? A) Blood B) Spongy bone C) Areolar connective tissue D) Elastic connective tissue E) Hyaline cartilage

C) Areolar connective tissue

Which of the following is a term used to describe an increase in the size of a tissue that is the result of an increase in the size, not number, of cells in that tissue? A) Atrophy B) Hyperplasia C) Hypertrophy D) Anaplasia E) Adhesion

C) Hypertrophy

Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?

Cardiac muscle

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram D?

Conduct nerve impulses to muscle fibers.

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue.

Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions.

In the diagram shown below, what of the indicated structure is composed of basal lamina and reticular lamina?

D

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows dense regular connective tissue?

D

Which diagram in the figure below represents a simple acinar exocrine gland?

D

Which of the following figures shows tissue found in lymph nodes?

D

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

D

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the vagina?

D

Which of the following types of fibers are commonly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue? A) Elastic B) Reticular C) Collagen D) All of these Answer choices are correct. E) None of these Answer choices are correct.

D) All of these Answer choices are correct.

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon.

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves.

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the upper respiratory tract and whose functions include moving mucus and othersubstances by ciliary action?

E

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the epididymis?

E

Epithelial tissue... A) is used as a covering of body surfaces B) is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs C) is used to form glands D) usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment E) All of these answer choices are correct

E) All of these answer choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? A) Bone B) Blood C) Cartilage D) Tendons E) Epidermis

E) Epidermis

Which diagram in the figure below represents a compound tubular exocrine gland?

F

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in the trachea?

F

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of this type of connective tissue.

Fibrocartilage

Which following types of cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? A) Neuroglial cells and myofibers B) Myofibers and connective tissue cells C) Neuroglial cells and neurons D) Neurons and epithelial cells E) Myofibers and neurons

E) Myofibers and neurons

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of cartilage that is most abundant in the human body?

G

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining the large excretory ducts of esophageal gland and whose functions include protection and secretion?

G

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines part of the conjunctiva of the eye?

G

This component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together.

Ground substance

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which are the immature and undifferentiated cells, will divide to replace the lost or damaged cells.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows the type of connective tissue that contains the hardest matrix of all connective tissues?

J

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows blood?

K

Which of the following types of glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched?

Multicellular exocrine glands

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue?

Osteon

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs?

Smooth muscle

This type of epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and esophageal glands.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

This type of epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which substance is secreted by the gland shown?

Sweat

Which of the following types of membranes found in the human body does NOT contain epithelial tissue?

Synovial membrane

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions.

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.

Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.

Simple tubular exocrine glands have...

a straight tubular secretory portion attached to a single unbranched duct.

Electrical signals called ________ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called ___________ that are then used to communicate with other cells.

action potentials; neurotransmitters

The thin extracellular layer, consisting of the basal and reticular lamina, that anchors epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue is called the...

basement membrane.

Which of the following is not one of the main tissue types found in the human body? A) Epithelial B) Connective C) Myocardial D) Muscle E) Nervous

c) Myocardial

Mucus-secreting cells found distributed among the simple columnar epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory system are called...

goblet cells.

Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on...

how the gland release its secretory product.

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body are referred to as...

membranes.

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are...

neuroglial cells and neurons.

Spongy bone tissue lacks...

osteons.

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of...

plasma.

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of...

protein fibers and ground substance.

The main function of dense regular connective tissues is...

providing strong attachment between structures like muscle and bones.

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called...

stem cells.

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the...

stroma

Which of the following figures shows tissue that is found in tendons and ligaments?

E

In the diagram shown below, where is the apical surface of the epithelial cell?

A

In the diagram shown below, which cellular junction is a tight junction?

A

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows areolar connective tissue?

A

Which of the following figures shows tissue found along the developing bones of the embryo?

A

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue found lining lymphatic vessels?

A

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows the type of epithelial tissue whose functions include filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes?

A

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows a muscle tissue that is under involuntary control?

A & C

Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and number of layers of cells found in the tissue.

Based on the cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including 1) squamous which are thin and flat, 2) cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3) columnar which are taller than they are wide and 4) transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1) simple which means a single layer of cells, 2) stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3) pseudostratified which is one layer of cells that appear multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary.

In the diagram shown below, where is the basal surface of the epithelial cell?

C

In the diagram shown below, which cell junction is a desmosome?

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows cardiac muscle?

C

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows reticular connective tissue?

C

Which of the following figures shows tissue found in yellow bone marrow?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a simple columnar epithelium?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the uterinetubes?

C

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows a type of epithelial tissue whose functions include movement of mucus over their apical surface by ciliary action?

C & E

Which of the light micrographs in the figure below shows a stratified cuboidal epithelium?

E

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width.

In the figure shown, which light micrograph shows fibrocartilage?

H

Which of the diagrams in the figure below represents a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland?

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue that lines the urinary bladder walls?

H

Which of the light micrographs in the following figure shows the type of epithelial tissue whose structure allows it to be stretched or distended?

H

Which is a function of the tissue shown in diagram A?

Heat production

This type of exocrine gland accumulates its secretory product in the cytosol of its cells until the cell ruptures and becomes part of the secretory product.

Holocrine

Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues?

Hyaluronic acid

n which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells?

Lining of the urinary bladder

This type of membrane lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and the organs contained in that body cavity.

Serous membrane

This type of multicellular exocrine gland has a branched rounded secretory part attached to a single unbranched duct and is found mainly in sebaceous glands.

Simple branched acinar gland

This type of epithelial tissue lines the fallopian tubes, uterus, and some bronchioles of the respiratory tract.

Simple columnar epithelium

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Simple squamous epithelium