BIO 2061- LAB 11 Reproductive System

The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract: 1. Ductus deferens 2. Urethra 3. Ejaculatory duct 4. Epididymis (The order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is)

4,1,3,2

Ductus Deferens and Ejaculatory Duct

Ductus deferens (vas deferens) ~45cm - Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity - Expands to form ampulla; joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct Vasectomy: cutting and ligating ductus deferens; nearly 100% effective form of birth control (patient still has erection and ejaculations)

ENDOMETRIUM:

ENDOMETRIUM: The endometrium consists of the basal layer (towards the outside of the uterus) and the functional layer (towards the inner lumen of the uterus). This layer undergoes many changes during the uterine cycle; the endometrium thickens and endometrial glands become elongated before the functional layer is shed during menstruation.

MYOMETRIUM

MYOMETRIUM: This thick layer of smooth muscle and blood vessels remains relatively unchanged throughout the uterine cycle. However, the uterus temporarily develops more cells (hyperplasia) and cells increase in size (hypertrophy) during pregnancy.

Homologous Structures:

Primary sex organs (gonads): Produce gametes (testes or ovaries) • Secondary sex organs: organs other than the gonads that are necessary for reproduction

internal anatomy of the penis

Spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue - Corpus spongiosum - surrounds urethra and expands to form glans and bulb - Corpora cavernosa - paired dorsal erectile bodies Erection: erectile tissue fills with blood, causing penis to enlarge and become rigid

Circumcision

Surgical removal of prepuce • 60% newborn boys in US are circumcised • 15% in other parts of world Some health benefits, but American Academy of Pediatrics does not think the benefits warrant universal circumcision Some studies have shown: • 60% reduction in HIV risk • Reduced risk for other reproductive system infections Other studies have shown no significant reduction in infection rates between circumcised and uncircumcised males

Know why the testes are kept outside the body

The testicles make sperm. To do this, the temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body. This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body.

ovulation

bursting of the follicle and releasing the mature oocyte (graafian follicle)

cervical canal

connects lumen to vagina internal os- superior opening of canal into body of uterus external os- inferior opening of canal into vagina

What type of tissue makes up most of the breast mass?

glandular tissue Breast tissue is composed of milk glands, milk ducts and supportive tissue (dense breast tissue), and fatty tissue (nondense breast tissue).

Know the internal anatomy of the female reproductive system (e.g. uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vaginal canal)

internal genitalia: ovariers, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

What vessels supply oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the uterus

The ovarian artery is an artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary in females. The in-flowing maternal arterial blood pushes deoxygenated blood into the endometrial and then uterine veins back to the maternal circulation.

Lumen

is roughly triangular - upper 2 corners are openings to uterine tube - lower apex is inernal os

Female reproductive system:

produces ova, receives sperm, allows for the union of the gametes, harbors the fetus, and nourishes offspring

Male reproductive system:

produces sperm and introduce them into the female body

Uterus

thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina - usually tilts forward over the urinary bladder - harbors fetus, provides a source of nutrition, and expel the fetus at the end of its development - peer shaped organ: Fundus: (broad superior curvature) body (corpus):(middle portion) Cervix: (cylindrical inferior end)

All of the following are true of the vagina, except

Losses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow

Risk factors for breast cancer

- Early onset of menstruation and late menopause - No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life - No or short periods of breast feeding - Family history of breast cancer

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

1. Endometrium 2. Myometrium 3. Perimetrium

epididymis

- Sperm mature in the epididymis - Head: contains efferent ductules; superior aspect of testis; body and tail on posterolateral area of testis - Duct of the epididymis ~6 m in length - Microvilli (stereocilia) absorb testicular fluid and pass nutrients to stored sperm - During ejaculation epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into ductus deferens

What layers make up the uterus (and their function)

1. Endometrium: inner mucusa- Simple columnar epithelium, compound tubular glands, and a stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells - Stratum functionalis —superficial half, shed each menstrual period - Stratum basalis —deep layer, stays behind and regenerates a new stratum functionalis with each menstrual cycle - During pregnancy, the endometrium is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta from which the fetus is nourished 2. Myometrium: (Middle muscluar layer) - Constitutes most of the uterine wall• Composed mainly of smooth muscle 3. Perimetrium: (external serosa layer)

Testes Blood Supply

Blood supply - Testicular arteries arise from abdominal aorta - Testicular veins arise from pampiniform venous plexus surrounding each testicular artery Spermatic cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes

Testes

Each surrounded by two tunics - Tunica vaginalis - outer layer derived from peritoneum - Tunica albuginea - inner layer; fibrous capsule Septa divide testis into ~250 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules, which is the site of sperm production

Accessory gland: prostate

Encircles urethra inferior to bladder; size of peach pit; smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid - Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - Role in sperm activation - Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation - 1/3 semen volume

Regions of the Uterine Tubes

Infundibulum: flared, trumpet-shaped distal (ovarian) end Fimbriae: feathery projections on infundibulum Ampulla: middle and longest region Isthmus: narrower end toward uterus

mammary gland

Mammary gland: develops within the breast during pregnancy • Remains active in the lactating breast • Atrophies when a woman ceases to nurse

The muscular layer of the uterus is the

Myometrium

What is a detection method for cervical cancer?

Papanicolauo (pap) Smear and Cervical Cancer Cervical cancer common among women ages 30 to 50• - Risk Factors: smoking, early-age sexual activity, STIs, and human papillomavirus • - Usually begins in epithelial cells of the lower cervix Best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by PAP smear - Cells harvested from cervix and vagina and microscopically examined

Scrotum

Sac of skin and superficial fascia Temperature kept constant by two sets of muscles *Dartos muscle - smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to body *Cremaster muscles - bands of skeletal muscle that elevate testes

Function of the testes

Testes= within scrotum produce sperm

Know the tissues that make up the penis (includes structural/erectile)

The tissues that make up the penis include the dorsal nerve, blood vessels, connective tissue, and erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum).

The dense layer of connective tissue that directly surrounds the surface of the testis is called the

Tunica albuginea

breasts

Two principal regions of the breast: 1. Body: conical to pendulous, with nipple at its apex 2. Axillary tail (Tail of Spence): extension toward the armpit • Lymphatics in axillary tail are a route for breast cancer metastasis

Ovaries

female gonads that produce ova and sex hormones - Tunica albuginea: capsule similar to the one on the testes - Outer cortex: where germ cells develop - inner medulla: occupied by major arteries and veins lacks ducts, instead each oocyte develops in its own fluid-filled follicle

Penis

male copulatory organ that consits of - Root and shaft that ends in the glans penis - Prepuce (foreskin): cuff of loose skin covering glans - Crura: proximal ends of corpora cavernosa surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle; anchors penis to pubic arch

What muscle can be found under the breast tissue

pectoral muscle

Understand the various prostate pathologies

prostatitis: inflammatory disorder - bacterial infection; acute and chronic; treated with anitbiotics Benign prostatic hyperplasia - may be age related; distorts urethra; treated with surgery, microwaves, drugs, ballon compression, radio- frequency radiation Prostate cancer: - second most common cause of cancer deaths in males - digital exam screening, PSA levels (biopsy if abnormal) - treated with surgery and sometimes radiation; castration; drugs

cervical glands

secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus

Sperm is conveyed from:

seminiferous tubules>rete testis>efferent ductules>epididymis

uterine tubes

uterine tube or fallopian tube - canal abt 10 am long from ovary to uterus - muscular tube lined with ciliated cells (highly folded into longitudinal ridges)