Bio 2108 Chp 41

Which of the following is the correct order of the three major forms of nitrogenous waste listed from highest amount of water required for excretion to lowest amount of water required for excretion? ammonia, urea, uric acid ammonia, uric acid, urea urea, ammonia, uric acid urea, uric acid, ammonia uric acid, urea, ammonia

ammonia, urea, uric acid

Many tadpoles excrete ____, whereas adult frogs excrete ____. ammonia; urea urea; ammonia uric acid; urea urea; uric acid uric acid; ammonia

ammonia; urea

Blood enters the glomerulus by an _____ and leaves by an _____. afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole efferent arteriole; afferent arteriole efferent arteriole; afferent venule afferent arteriole; efferent venule efferent venule; afferent arteriole

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole

Nitrogenous wastes are produced through the breakdown of which of the following? proteins glucose lipids carbohydrates All of the answer options are correct.

proteins

The internal body fluids of an osmoconformer can best be described as having: roughly the same total solute concentration as the external environment. a higher solute concentration than the external environment. a lower solute concentration than the external environment. all of the same concentrations of particular ions as the external environment. None of the answer options is correct.

roughly the same total solute concentration as the external environment.

The loop of Henle in the nephrons of desert-dwelling kangaroo rats is much longer than the loop of Henle in humans. What is the advantage of this increased length for the kangaroo rat? A longer loop of Henle can generate a larger concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a more concentrated urine. A longer loop of Henle can generate a smaller concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a more concentrated urine. A longer loop of Henle can generate a larger concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a less concentrated urine. A longer loop of Henle can generate a smaller concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a less concentrated urine. None of the answer options is correct.

A longer loop of Henle can generate a larger concentration gradient, which allows for the production of a more concentrated urine.

Which of the following statements about excretory organs in complex multicellular animals is false? All of the materials that are removed from the blood during filtration will eventually be excreted. Excretory systems are important for balancing both electrolyte and water levels in the body. If organisms relied on molecule-specific active transport of wastes alone, then novel toxic compounds could not be excreted. The process of excretion has more steps in complex multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems than in simple multicellular animals. None of these statements about excretory organs in complex multicellular animals is false.

All of the materials that are removed from the blood during filtration will eventually be excreted.

Water is gained through which of the following? eating food drinking water that has a lower solute concentration than the body fluids cellular respiration osmosis across the gills of freshwater fish All of the options are correct.

All of the options are correct.

Cells regulate their internal osmotic pressure by controlling the solute concentration inside of the cell. true false

F

Which of the following statements about the protonephridia of freshwater flatworms is correct? Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered. Muscular contractions drive fluid movement through the excretory tubules. Protonephridia are surrounded by a capillary network to allow for selective reabsorption and secretion. The fluid passing through the tubules is not modified prior to excretion. The urine leaving the body of a freshwater flatworm is more concentrated than its body fluids.

Fluid from the body enters the protonephridia without first being filtered.

What is the function of the vasa recta? It maintains the concentration gradient established by the loop of Henle. It helps determine the final concentration of the urine. It filters the blood within the glomerulus. It secretes the hormone renin in response to a drop in blood pressure. None of these answer options is correct.

It maintains the concentration gradient established by the loop of Henle.

Salmon move between freshwater and marine environments during their lifecycle. Which of the following statements about their lifecycle is correct? Juvenile salmon and spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive loss of water. Feeding adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of water. Feeding adult salmon and juvenile salmon must avoid excessive loss of electrolytes. Spawning adult salmon must avoid excessive gain of electrolytes. None of the options is correct.

None of the options is correct.

The body fluid of sharks has a much lower concentration of sodium chloride than that of the surrounding seawater, and yet they are able to remain in osmotic equilibrium with the external environment. How can this be the case? Sharks store enough urea in their bloodstream to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater. Sharks are osmoregulators. Sharks maintain high levels of sodium chloride in their skin. Sharks drink large volumes of seawater to compensate for the low salt concentration of their body fluids. None of the answer options is correct.

Sharks store enough urea in their bloodstream to match the total solute concentration of the surrounding seawater.

If solution X has a 2% concentration of NaCl and solution Y has an 8% concentration of NaCl, which of the following statements is correct? Solution X is hypotonic to solution Y. Solution X has a higher osmotic pressure than solution Y. Solution X has a higher solute concentration than solution Y. Solution X has a lower concentration of water than solution Y. Solution X is hypertonic to solution Y.

Solution X is hypotonic to solution Y.

Which of the following statements about the distal convoluted tubule is false? The filtrate entering the tubule is hypertonic relative to the interstitial space. Urea is the principal solute found within the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule. Other wastes from the bloodstream are actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule delivers filtrate to the collecting duct. None of these statements about the distal convoluted tubule is false.

The filtrate entering the tubule is hypertonic relative to the interstitial space.

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is correct? The thick segment of the ascending limb is impermeable to water. The descending limb actively transports electrolytes into the interstitial fluid. Water moves from the interstitial fluid into the descending limb of the loop of Henle. The filtrate is more concentrated when it leaves the loop of Henle than when it enters the loop. All of these answer options are correct.

The thick segment of the ascending limb is impermeable to water.

Which of the following statements about osmoregulators is false? They are restricted to environments with stable solute concentrations. The osmotic pressure between the inside and outside of internal cells is usually similar. Some organisms can switch between acting as an osmoconformer and an osmoregulator depending on environmental conditions. Animals that maintain body fluid solute concentrations that are higher than that of the external environment and animals that maintain body fluid solute concentrations that are lower than that of the external environment are both considered to be osmoregulators. An osmoregulator uses more energy to control body fluid solute levels than an osmoconformer.

They are restricted to environments with stable solute concentrations.

Which of the following statements about osmoconformers is false? They do not have to adapt to the solute concentrations in the external environment. Their internal osmotic pressure matches that of the surrounding environment. They use less energy to regulate osmotic pressure than osmoregulators. They often actively regulate the concentrations of particular ions in their body fluids. Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.

They do not have to adapt to the solute concentrations in the external environment.

Which of the following statements about nitrogenous waste excretion is correct? Uric acid is less toxic than urea, but requires more water for excretion. Urea is less toxic than uric acid, but more energetically costly to produce. Ammonia is more toxic than urea, but requires less water for excretion. Uric acid is less toxic than ammonia, but more energetically costly to produce. Ammonia is less toxic than uric acid, but requires more water for excretion.

Uric acid is less toxic than ammonia, but more energetically costly to produce.

Which of the following statements about excretory organs in complex multicellular animals is false? Water and all other important molecules are actively transported back into the bloodstream during reabsorption. Selective filtration of the blood occurs as blood pressure forces materials into an extracellular space. During the process of secretion, additional toxic compounds and excess ions that were not filtered from the blood initially are removed from the organism. Reabsorption helps prevent the loss of necessary electrolytes and other important molecules. None of these statements about excretory organs in complex multicellular animals is false.

Water and all other important molecules are actively transported back into the bloodstream during reabsorption.

If the fluid inside of a cell has a 5% solute concentration, what would happen if the cell was placed in a solution with a 10% solute concentration? Water molecules would leave the cell by osmosis. Water molecules would enter the cell by osmosis. There would be no movement of water molecules in either direction. Water molecules would cross the membrane in both directions, but there would be no net movement of water molecules. Solute molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.

Water molecules would leave the cell by osmosis.

The internal solute concentrations of osmoregulators are: either higher or lower than the solute concentration of the external environment. similar to the solute concentration of the external environment. higher than the solute concentration of the external environment. lower than the solute concentration of the external environment. None of the answer options is correct.

either higher or lower than the solute concentration of the external environment.

In multicellular animals with pressurized circulatory systems, the correct order of processes in waste elimination is: secretion, filtration, reabsorption. filtration, secretion, reabsorption. filtration, reabsorption, secretion. secretion, reabsorption, filtration. reabsorption, secretion, filtration.

filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Which of the following correctly describes the path of excretory fluids through a mammalian nephron? glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct glomerulus, Bowman's space, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct collecting duct, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space, glomerulus Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct

glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, Bowman's space, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Which of the following correctly describes the path taken by excretory fluid through the mammalian kidney? collecting ducts, glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, ureter, bladder glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, collecting ducts, ureter, bladder capsule, glomerulus, renal tubules, ureter, collecting ducts, bladder glomerulus, capsule, collecting ducts, renal tubules, ureter, bladder capsule, glomerulus, collecting ducts, renal tubules, ureter, bladder

glomerulus, capsule, renal tubules, collecting ducts, ureter, bladder

Osmosis describes: the movement of water from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. the movement of solutes from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. the movement of water from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. the movement of solutes from areas of higher water concentration to areas of lower water concentration. the movement of solutes from areas of higher solute concentration to areas of lower solute concentration.

the movement of water from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.

Metanephridia differ from protonephridia in all of the following ways except: fluid enters metanephridia through a funnel-shaped opening. the urine produced in both systems is more dilute than the body fluids. selective reabsorption of materials occurs via cells lining the tubules in protonephridia and via capillaries in metanephridia. metanephridia are surrounded by an extensive capillary network, whereas protonephridia are not. fluid from the body cavity enters protonephridia without first being filtered.

the urine produced in both systems is more dilute than the body fluids.