Human Physiology Chapter 9
Autonomic ganglia
... serve as relay stations in the ANS
convergence
A sympathetic postganglionic neuron can receive input from a large number of preganglionic fibers. This is called:
sweat glands skeletal muscle blood vessels
AcH in cholinergic synaptic transmission is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, but only those that innervate ___ and ____
parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
AcH in cholinergic synaptic transmission is released from what neuron types in the parasympathetic system
increase blood pressure
Activation of alpha 1 receptors leads to the ..... of blood vessels, which results in what?
helps redirect blood flow to vital organs during the "fight or flight" response
Activation of alpha 1 receptors leads to the contraction of blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. What does this help?
norepinephrine sympathetic
Activation of alpha 2 receptors can decrease the release of ... from nerve terminals, leading to a reduction in .... activity.
heart rate cardiac contractions
Activation of beta 1 receptors increases ____ and the force of ____
lungs uterine oxygen intake, increase blood flow to muscles, and reduce uterine contractions during the "fight or flight" response
Activation of beta 2 receptors expands airways in the ____ and relaxation of ___ muscle These responses help improve what physiological states? What response are the beta 2 receptors involved during?
heart rate and smooth muscle
Adrenergic Stimulation can STIMULATE ___ function and ___ muscle
contraction dilation
Adrenergic Stimulation inhibits ___ and causes __
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Adrenergic Stimulation is caused by ___ in the blood from the adrenal medulla Adrenergic Stimulation is also caused by ___ from sympathetic nerves
norepinephrine sympathetic
Adrenergic Synaptic Transmission uses ___ and is released by most ___ postganglionic neurons
inhibitory
Adrenergic stimulation of smooth muscles of bronchioles results in a(n) _____ effect
norepinephrine
Adrenergic transmission is terminated through the reuptake of ... back into nerve terminals and enzymatic degradation
acetylcholine
All preganglionic axons secrete ____ as their neurotransmitter
smooth muscle
Alpha 1 receptors are located on the _____ cells of blood vessels
the brain pre-synaptic nerve terminals smooth muscle cells
Alpha 2 receptors are found in what 3 places
inhibitory effects
Alpha 2 receptors have what type of effects?
nicotinic muscarinic
At the pre-ganglionic synapse, ACh stimulates ... receptors, while at the post-ganglionic synapse, it typically stimulates .... receptors
head, neck, and abdomen
Autonomic ganglia are located in what areas of the body
a preganglionic fiber with a cell body in the CNS
Autonomic motor control begins with ______
2
Autonomic motor system has .... sets of neurons in the PNS
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Autonomic neurons release mainly ___ and ___
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Autonomic neurons release mainly ___ and ___ and are excitatory or inhibitory
two-neuron pathway
Autonomic responses are generally slower than somatic responses because of the ...... and the time it takes for neurotransmitters to act on target cells.
cardiac muscle and kidney cells
Beta 1 receptors are found on what type of cells
ACh preganglionic
Cholinergic Stimulation response is caused by __ released from ____ neurons of BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic division
sympathetic stimulation
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla in response to the...
norepinephrine
Epinephrine from the adrenal gland has similar physiological action to ____ released from the nerve endings.
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine is secreted from the ______
nitric oxide
Fibers called nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers release neurotransmitters such as ...
terminal
Ganglia that are found next to or within the organ that is being innervated are called ____ ganglia.
medulla
Higher brain regions regulate the ..
Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, while parasympathetic ganglia are located near or within the target organs
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system differ in terms of the location of their ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
norepinephrine neurons typically muscle cells or other neurons
In response to SNS activation, sympathetic nerve terminals release _____ into the synaptic cleft, the tiny gap between nerve cells and their target cells. what is in the tiny gap between nerve cells? what are the target cells in this case with the SNS
blood pressure and modulating stress responses
In the CNS, alpha 2 receptors play a role in regulating ...
single-neuron
In the Sympathetic NS, there is a ___ pathway from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
post-ganglionic neuron
In the autonomic nervous system, the neuron that synapses with the effector is the...
blood pressure regulation
In the kidneys, beta 1 receptors influence renin secretion, which can affect ...
brainstem sacral region
In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, the preganglionic neurons originate in the ___ and the ____ region of the spinal cord
norepinephrine
In the sympathetic division, postganglionic neurons typically release ____
post pre
In the sympathetic nervous system, the ____ -ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated while the ____-ganglionic fibers are myelinated.
Glossopharyngeal Facial Oculomotor Vagus
List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Most autonomic neurons release acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. Name the type of neuron that releases norepinephrine instead of ACh.
Ach postganglionic
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are activated by what neurotransmitter? and also from what tyoe of neurons?
ventral roots
Myelinated axons of the preganglionic neurons exit spinal cord at ____
medulla oblongata
Name the brain stem area that directly regulates motor output for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Pre-ganglionic fibers
Name the sympathetic fibers that are myelinated
EXCITATORY
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are always..
Ach preganglionic
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are stimulated by ___ from ___ neurons
ligand-gated ion channels Na+ gradient is higher
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors serve as a _____ for Na+ & K+. Depolarization occurs in these channels because ______
autonomic ganglia
Nicotinic receptors are a type of cholinergic receptor found in ...
eyes salivary glands parotid salivary heart/lungs/GI/Liver
Occulomotor --> facial--> glosso-pharyngeal --> vagus-->
flashcard physical write down please
Once the preganglionic neuron reaches an autonomic ganglion, it synapses with a postganglionic neuron, which then carries the signal to the target organ or structure, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands
antagonists
Organs with Dual Innervation are usually considered ___
terminal
Parasympathetic ganglia that supply fibers to effector cells, at very close proximity, are called ____ ganglia
midbrain
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that travel via the oculomotor nerve to the eyes originate in what section of the brain
effector
Postganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ganglion and they synapse on the ....
Head, neck, and abdomen
Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system originate from specific structures known as ganglia. Where are autonomic ganglia primarily located?
autonomic ganglion
Preganglionic neuron synapses are in an ....
brain sacral region
Preganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETC DIVISION come from the ___ and ___ region of the spinal cord
terminal ganglia
Preganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETC DIVISION synapse on the ____ located in effector organs
The midbrain or hindbrain
Preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system originate from specific regions. Where do preganglionic neurons originate?
sympathetic
Preganglionic neurons of the _____ system originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord.
sympathetic division
Preganglionic neurons that arise at the lumbar spinal cord are part of the .... of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
collateral ganglia
Preganglionic neurons that pass through the sympathetic ganglion chain WITHOUT synapsing can continue to what type of ganglia
divergence
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons branch and will synapse with many postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic chain. This is called:
effectors
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are the ____ of the autonomic system
acetylcholine
Somatic motor neurons release only ... and are always excitatory
acetylcholine
Somatic motor neurons release only _____
only one synapse between the CNS and the effector
Somatic motor responses are fast because there is ...
collateral ganglion
Some Preganglionic Axons pass through the Chain Ganglion BUT do not synapse. They go to a ___
below the diaphragm
Splanchnic nerves are derived from preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord in what location?
"fight or flight" norepinephrine epinephrine
Sympathetic Functions activate body for ____ through the release of ___ from postganglionic neurons and ___ from the adrenal gland medulla
skeletal muscles
Sympathetic Functions prepare the body for intense physical activity in emergencies by increasing heart rate, increasing blood glucose levels, and diverting blood to____
sympathetic chain of ganglia
Sympathetic neurons that exit spinal cord below the diaphragm do not synapse in the _____... they just pass through
splanchinic
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the paravertebral ganglia to synapse in the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia form _____ nerves as they travel between these ganglia.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla results in release of:
lower large intestine rectum urinary reproductive organs
Terminal ganglia are located within these organs...
adrenal medulla sympathetic fibers
The "fight-or-flight" response involves the release of epinephrine from the _____ and norepinephrine from the _______
vagus
The ... nerve is a major cranial nerve that carries parasympathetic signals to a wide array of bodily systems
a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.
The ANS has a 2-neuron pathway: what is it?
preganglionic postganglionic
The ANS uses neurotransmitters; acetylcholine in ___ neurons and norepinephrine or acetylcholine in ___ neurons
autonomic ganglia
The _____ helps modulate and control various autonomic functions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretions
medulla oblongata
The _____ of the brain stem directly regulates autonomic fiber activity.
norepinephrine
The adrenal medullary hormones cause the same effects in the body as the neurotransmitter _______
The location of their preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the CNS
The autonomic nervous system comprises two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. In what aspect do these divisions differ concerning the locations of their elements?
skeletal muscle
The cell body of the motor neuron is located in the CNS, and its axon extends directly to the ___ it innervates
facial
The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, ______ , glossopharyngeal, and vagus.
parasympathetic
The craniosacral division refers to the ______ division
epinephrine adrenaline
The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include ___ and ___
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter used in the SNS is _________
vagus
The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ____ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ.
sympathetic chains
The paravertebral ganglia are also termed _____
sympathetic
The paravertebral ganglia form the chains of ____ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column
parasympathetic
The preganglionic neurons of the _____ system originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
PNS
The term "craniosacral division" describes the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
ganglion
The two-nerve chains in the autonomic nervous system synapse at the...
postganglionic
This second neuron within an autonomic motor pathway is termed the ____ neuron
heart rate blood pressure respiration
Through its connections to the medulla, the hypothalamus can influence what autonomic functions?
terminal ganglia within target organs
Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synapse at:
atrophy
Visceral Effector Organs are independent of innervation, and will not .... if a nerve is cut (unlike skeletal muscle)
They contract rhythmically without nerve stimulation
Visceral effector organs are somewhat independent of innervation, unlike skeletal muscles. Which of the following is a characteristic of visceral effector organs?
sympathetic- found in the spinal cord parasympathetic cell bodies- found in the brain
What accurately describes the location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system for the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
muscle constriction
What do the skeletal muscles do in response to adrenergic stimulation
Denervation hypersensitivity
What term describes the phenomenon where the target of autonomic innervation may become even more sensitive to stimulation when denervated?
varicosities
___ release a neurotransmitter along the length of the axon
Unmyelinated axons
_____ of the postganglionic neurons form the gray rami communicantes that go to the spinal nerve
flashcard please
adrenal glands are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers... 1) passes through chain ganglia (does not synapse) 2) synapses at the adrenal gland
excitatory
adrenergic stimulation of the heart results in a(n) ______ effect.
norepinephrine
adrenergic synapses release what hormone/transmitter
norepinephrine and epinephrine
adrenergic transmission is the release of...
norepinephrine
alpha adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to what hormone
Ca2+ second messenger
alpha adrenergic receptors use a what second messenger
stimulatory muscarinic
are salivary glands muscarinic or nicotinic AND are the stimulatory or inhibitory
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
autonomic ganglia facilitate the communication between _____
blood epinephrine
beta adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to __
cAMP second messenger
beta adrenergic receptors use what as there second messenger
Divergence
defined as one preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons at different levels
Convergence
defined as several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse on one postganglionic neuron
cooperative effects
defined as when Both divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action
complementary effects
defined as when both divisions produce similar effects on same target
both
do autonomic neurons release molecules that are excitatory or inhibitory
excitatory
do somatic motor neurons release molecules that are excitatory or inhibitory
body temperature regulation
dual innervation is important for _____ through blood vessels and sweat glands
adrenal gland medulla
fight or flight in the sympathetic function is caused by the release of epinephrine from what
postganglionic
fight or flight in the sympathetic function is caused by the release of norepinephrine from what neurons
sympathetic
fight or flight is affiliated with which ANS division
effectors
gray rami communicantes travel with spinal nerves to the ..
opening K+ channels
how can muscarinic cholinergic receptors be inhibitory
opening Ca2+ channels
how can muscarinic cholinergic receptors be stimulatory?
adrenergic receptors
in the SNS, once norepinephrine or epinephrine are released into the synaptic cleft, what does norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to?
acetylcholine
in the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons release...
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons parasympathic postganglionic neurons all somatic motor neurons sympathetic preganglionic neurons
list examples of cholinergic neurons
G-proteins second messenger
muscarinic cholinergic receptors use ___ and the ____ system
white rami communicantes
myelinated axons of the preganglionic NERVE diverge into the ____ because of myelin
ACh from postganglionic neurons
parasympathetic functions allow the body to "rest and digest" through the release of ___
CNS autonomic ganglia
preganglionic neurons transmit signals from the ... to ....
prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response during stressful/emergency situations
primary function of adrenergic transmission
varicosities
swellings on axons of postganglionic neurons
preganglionic
the ... neuron has its cell body located in the CNS and sends its axon to an autonomic ganglion
pre-ganglionic neuron
the ___ -ganglionic neuron would synapse within a ganglion
the target tissue or organ
the postganglionic neuron has its cell body in the autonomic ganglion and sends its axon directly to ...
Sensory input is sent to higher brain centers Brain center integrates information Modify the activity of preganglionic neurons
the steps of how visceral functions are regulated by autonomic reflexes
passing
varicosities form synapses during ..
smooth and cardiac
what are the muscle types that are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
adrenal medulla sweat glands arrector pili muscles
what are the structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation
regulating digestion and blood flow to the digestive tract
what is the collateral ganglia involved in
ACh
what neurotransmitter does nicotinic receptors respond to
adrenal medulla
what part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus
what part of the brain is the major regulatory center of the ANS
parasympathetic nervous system
what part of the nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation and the conservation of energy
Cholinergic
what stimulation involves the release of the neurotransmitter ACh at both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system
skeletal muscles
what type of muscles does the SNS control
the thoracic and lumbar regions
where do preganglionic neurons originate in the spinal cord
neuromuscular junction
where is acetylcholine released to stimulate muscle contraction
cerebellum
which part of the brain causes motion sickness nausea, sweating, and cardiovascular changes
ACh
with CHOLINERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION, ___ is used by all preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
dilate constrict
with digestive functions, sympathetic divisions ___ and parasympathetic divisions ___
ACh postganglionic
with the Cholinergic Stimulation response, __ from ___ neurons of parasympathetic division is usually stimulatory
G-proteins second messenger
α and β Adrenergic Receptors All act using ____ and ____ systems