Human Physiology Chapter 9

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Autonomic ganglia

... serve as relay stations in the ANS

convergence

A sympathetic postganglionic neuron can receive input from a large number of preganglionic fibers. This is called:

sweat glands skeletal muscle blood vessels

AcH in cholinergic synaptic transmission is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons, but only those that innervate ___ and ____

parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

AcH in cholinergic synaptic transmission is released from what neuron types in the parasympathetic system

increase blood pressure

Activation of alpha 1 receptors leads to the ..... of blood vessels, which results in what?

helps redirect blood flow to vital organs during the "fight or flight" response

Activation of alpha 1 receptors leads to the contraction of blood vessels, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. What does this help?

norepinephrine sympathetic

Activation of alpha 2 receptors can decrease the release of ... from nerve terminals, leading to a reduction in .... activity.

heart rate cardiac contractions

Activation of beta 1 receptors increases ____ and the force of ____

lungs uterine oxygen intake, increase blood flow to muscles, and reduce uterine contractions during the "fight or flight" response

Activation of beta 2 receptors expands airways in the ____ and relaxation of ___ muscle These responses help improve what physiological states? What response are the beta 2 receptors involved during?

heart rate and smooth muscle

Adrenergic Stimulation can STIMULATE ___ function and ___ muscle

contraction dilation

Adrenergic Stimulation inhibits ___ and causes __

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Adrenergic Stimulation is caused by ___ in the blood from the adrenal medulla Adrenergic Stimulation is also caused by ___ from sympathetic nerves

norepinephrine sympathetic

Adrenergic Synaptic Transmission uses ___ and is released by most ___ postganglionic neurons

inhibitory

Adrenergic stimulation of smooth muscles of bronchioles results in a(n) _____ effect

norepinephrine

Adrenergic transmission is terminated through the reuptake of ... back into nerve terminals and enzymatic degradation

acetylcholine

All preganglionic axons secrete ____ as their neurotransmitter

smooth muscle

Alpha 1 receptors are located on the _____ cells of blood vessels

the brain pre-synaptic nerve terminals smooth muscle cells

Alpha 2 receptors are found in what 3 places

inhibitory effects

Alpha 2 receptors have what type of effects?

nicotinic muscarinic

At the pre-ganglionic synapse, ACh stimulates ... receptors, while at the post-ganglionic synapse, it typically stimulates .... receptors

head, neck, and abdomen

Autonomic ganglia are located in what areas of the body

a preganglionic fiber with a cell body in the CNS

Autonomic motor control begins with ______

2

Autonomic motor system has .... sets of neurons in the PNS

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Autonomic neurons release mainly ___ and ___

acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Autonomic neurons release mainly ___ and ___ and are excitatory or inhibitory

two-neuron pathway

Autonomic responses are generally slower than somatic responses because of the ...... and the time it takes for neurotransmitters to act on target cells.

cardiac muscle and kidney cells

Beta 1 receptors are found on what type of cells

ACh preganglionic

Cholinergic Stimulation response is caused by __ released from ____ neurons of BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic division

sympathetic stimulation

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla in response to the...

norepinephrine

Epinephrine from the adrenal gland has similar physiological action to ____ released from the nerve endings.

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine is secreted from the ______

nitric oxide

Fibers called nonadrenergic, noncholinergic fibers release neurotransmitters such as ...

terminal

Ganglia that are found next to or within the organ that is being innervated are called ____ ganglia.

medulla

Higher brain regions regulate the ..

Sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, while parasympathetic ganglia are located near or within the target organs

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system differ in terms of the location of their ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

norepinephrine neurons typically muscle cells or other neurons

In response to SNS activation, sympathetic nerve terminals release _____ into the synaptic cleft, the tiny gap between nerve cells and their target cells. what is in the tiny gap between nerve cells? what are the target cells in this case with the SNS

blood pressure and modulating stress responses

In the CNS, alpha 2 receptors play a role in regulating ...

single-neuron

In the Sympathetic NS, there is a ___ pathway from the CNS to the skeletal muscle

post-ganglionic neuron

In the autonomic nervous system, the neuron that synapses with the effector is the...

blood pressure regulation

In the kidneys, beta 1 receptors influence renin secretion, which can affect ...

brainstem sacral region

In the parasympathetic division of the ANS, the preganglionic neurons originate in the ___ and the ____ region of the spinal cord

norepinephrine

In the sympathetic division, postganglionic neurons typically release ____

post pre

In the sympathetic nervous system, the ____ -ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated while the ____-ganglionic fibers are myelinated.

Glossopharyngeal Facial Oculomotor Vagus

List the cranial nerves that contain preganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Most autonomic neurons release acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. Name the type of neuron that releases norepinephrine instead of ACh.

Ach postganglionic

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are activated by what neurotransmitter? and also from what tyoe of neurons?

ventral roots

Myelinated axons of the preganglionic neurons exit spinal cord at ____

medulla oblongata

Name the brain stem area that directly regulates motor output for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Pre-ganglionic fibers

Name the sympathetic fibers that are myelinated

EXCITATORY

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are always..

Ach preganglionic

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are stimulated by ___ from ___ neurons

ligand-gated ion channels Na+ gradient is higher

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors serve as a _____ for Na+ & K+. Depolarization occurs in these channels because ______

autonomic ganglia

Nicotinic receptors are a type of cholinergic receptor found in ...

eyes salivary glands parotid salivary heart/lungs/GI/Liver

Occulomotor --> facial--> glosso-pharyngeal --> vagus-->

flashcard physical write down please

Once the preganglionic neuron reaches an autonomic ganglion, it synapses with a postganglionic neuron, which then carries the signal to the target organ or structure, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands

antagonists

Organs with Dual Innervation are usually considered ___

terminal

Parasympathetic ganglia that supply fibers to effector cells, at very close proximity, are called ____ ganglia

midbrain

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that travel via the oculomotor nerve to the eyes originate in what section of the brain

effector

Postganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ganglion and they synapse on the ....

Head, neck, and abdomen

Postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system originate from specific structures known as ganglia. Where are autonomic ganglia primarily located?

autonomic ganglion

Preganglionic neuron synapses are in an ....

brain sacral region

Preganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETC DIVISION come from the ___ and ___ region of the spinal cord

terminal ganglia

Preganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETC DIVISION synapse on the ____ located in effector organs

The midbrain or hindbrain

Preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system originate from specific regions. Where do preganglionic neurons originate?

sympathetic

Preganglionic neurons of the _____ system originate in the brain and sacral spinal cord.

sympathetic division

Preganglionic neurons that arise at the lumbar spinal cord are part of the .... of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

collateral ganglia

Preganglionic neurons that pass through the sympathetic ganglion chain WITHOUT synapsing can continue to what type of ganglia

divergence

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons branch and will synapse with many postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic chain. This is called:

effectors

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are the ____ of the autonomic system

acetylcholine

Somatic motor neurons release only ... and are always excitatory

acetylcholine

Somatic motor neurons release only _____

only one synapse between the CNS and the effector

Somatic motor responses are fast because there is ...

collateral ganglion

Some Preganglionic Axons pass through the Chain Ganglion BUT do not synapse. They go to a ___

below the diaphragm

Splanchnic nerves are derived from preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord in what location?

"fight or flight" norepinephrine epinephrine

Sympathetic Functions activate body for ____ through the release of ___ from postganglionic neurons and ___ from the adrenal gland medulla

skeletal muscles

Sympathetic Functions prepare the body for intense physical activity in emergencies by increasing heart rate, increasing blood glucose levels, and diverting blood to____

sympathetic chain of ganglia

Sympathetic neurons that exit spinal cord below the diaphragm do not synapse in the _____... they just pass through

splanchinic

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers that pass through the paravertebral ganglia to synapse in the collateral (prevertebral) ganglia form _____ nerves as they travel between these ganglia.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla results in release of:

lower large intestine rectum urinary reproductive organs

Terminal ganglia are located within these organs...

adrenal medulla sympathetic fibers

The "fight-or-flight" response involves the release of epinephrine from the _____ and norepinephrine from the _______

vagus

The ... nerve is a major cranial nerve that carries parasympathetic signals to a wide array of bodily systems

a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron.

The ANS has a 2-neuron pathway: what is it?

preganglionic postganglionic

The ANS uses neurotransmitters; acetylcholine in ___ neurons and norepinephrine or acetylcholine in ___ neurons

autonomic ganglia

The _____ helps modulate and control various autonomic functions, such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and glandular secretions

medulla oblongata

The _____ of the brain stem directly regulates autonomic fiber activity.

norepinephrine

The adrenal medullary hormones cause the same effects in the body as the neurotransmitter _______

The location of their preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the CNS

The autonomic nervous system comprises two main divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. In what aspect do these divisions differ concerning the locations of their elements?

skeletal muscle

The cell body of the motor neuron is located in the CNS, and its axon extends directly to the ___ it innervates

facial

The cranial nerves that carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are the oculomotor, ______ , glossopharyngeal, and vagus.

parasympathetic

The craniosacral division refers to the ______ division

epinephrine adrenaline

The hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla include ___ and ___

acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter used in the SNS is _________

vagus

The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the ____ nerve synapse at terminal ganglia within the innervated organ.

sympathetic chains

The paravertebral ganglia are also termed _____

sympathetic

The paravertebral ganglia form the chains of ____ ganglia located on either side of the vertebral column

parasympathetic

The preganglionic neurons of the _____ system originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

PNS

The term "craniosacral division" describes the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

ganglion

The two-nerve chains in the autonomic nervous system synapse at the...

postganglionic

This second neuron within an autonomic motor pathway is termed the ____ neuron

heart rate blood pressure respiration

Through its connections to the medulla, the hypothalamus can influence what autonomic functions?

terminal ganglia within target organs

Unlike parasympathetic preganglionic fibers that run in other cranial nerves, those in the vagus nerve synapse at:

atrophy

Visceral Effector Organs are independent of innervation, and will not .... if a nerve is cut (unlike skeletal muscle)

They contract rhythmically without nerve stimulation

Visceral effector organs are somewhat independent of innervation, unlike skeletal muscles. Which of the following is a characteristic of visceral effector organs?

sympathetic- found in the spinal cord parasympathetic cell bodies- found in the brain

What accurately describes the location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the central nervous system for the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

muscle constriction

What do the skeletal muscles do in response to adrenergic stimulation

Denervation hypersensitivity

What term describes the phenomenon where the target of autonomic innervation may become even more sensitive to stimulation when denervated?

varicosities

___ release a neurotransmitter along the length of the axon

Unmyelinated axons

_____ of the postganglionic neurons form the gray rami communicantes that go to the spinal nerve

flashcard please

adrenal glands are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers... 1) passes through chain ganglia (does not synapse) 2) synapses at the adrenal gland

excitatory

adrenergic stimulation of the heart results in a(n) ______ effect.

norepinephrine

adrenergic synapses release what hormone/transmitter

norepinephrine and epinephrine

adrenergic transmission is the release of...

norepinephrine

alpha adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to what hormone

Ca2+ second messenger

alpha adrenergic receptors use a what second messenger

stimulatory muscarinic

are salivary glands muscarinic or nicotinic AND are the stimulatory or inhibitory

preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

autonomic ganglia facilitate the communication between _____

blood epinephrine

beta adrenergic receptors are more sensitive to __

cAMP second messenger

beta adrenergic receptors use what as there second messenger

Divergence

defined as one preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons at different levels

Convergence

defined as several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse on one postganglionic neuron

cooperative effects

defined as when Both divisions produce different effects that work together to promote a single action

complementary effects

defined as when both divisions produce similar effects on same target

both

do autonomic neurons release molecules that are excitatory or inhibitory

excitatory

do somatic motor neurons release molecules that are excitatory or inhibitory

body temperature regulation

dual innervation is important for _____ through blood vessels and sweat glands

adrenal gland medulla

fight or flight in the sympathetic function is caused by the release of epinephrine from what

postganglionic

fight or flight in the sympathetic function is caused by the release of norepinephrine from what neurons

sympathetic

fight or flight is affiliated with which ANS division

effectors

gray rami communicantes travel with spinal nerves to the ..

opening K+ channels

how can muscarinic cholinergic receptors be inhibitory

opening Ca2+ channels

how can muscarinic cholinergic receptors be stimulatory?

adrenergic receptors

in the SNS, once norepinephrine or epinephrine are released into the synaptic cleft, what does norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to?

acetylcholine

in the parasympathetic division, postganglionic neurons release...

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons parasympathic postganglionic neurons all somatic motor neurons sympathetic preganglionic neurons

list examples of cholinergic neurons

G-proteins second messenger

muscarinic cholinergic receptors use ___ and the ____ system

white rami communicantes

myelinated axons of the preganglionic NERVE diverge into the ____ because of myelin

ACh from postganglionic neurons

parasympathetic functions allow the body to "rest and digest" through the release of ___

CNS autonomic ganglia

preganglionic neurons transmit signals from the ... to ....

prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response during stressful/emergency situations

primary function of adrenergic transmission

varicosities

swellings on axons of postganglionic neurons

preganglionic

the ... neuron has its cell body located in the CNS and sends its axon to an autonomic ganglion

pre-ganglionic neuron

the ___ -ganglionic neuron would synapse within a ganglion

the target tissue or organ

the postganglionic neuron has its cell body in the autonomic ganglion and sends its axon directly to ...

Sensory input is sent to higher brain centers Brain center integrates information Modify the activity of preganglionic neurons

the steps of how visceral functions are regulated by autonomic reflexes

passing

varicosities form synapses during ..

smooth and cardiac

what are the muscle types that are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

adrenal medulla sweat glands arrector pili muscles

what are the structures that are innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system, thus lacking dual innervation

regulating digestion and blood flow to the digestive tract

what is the collateral ganglia involved in

ACh

what neurotransmitter does nicotinic receptors respond to

adrenal medulla

what part of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

hypothalamus

what part of the brain is the major regulatory center of the ANS

parasympathetic nervous system

what part of the nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation and the conservation of energy

Cholinergic

what stimulation involves the release of the neurotransmitter ACh at both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system

skeletal muscles

what type of muscles does the SNS control

the thoracic and lumbar regions

where do preganglionic neurons originate in the spinal cord

neuromuscular junction

where is acetylcholine released to stimulate muscle contraction

cerebellum

which part of the brain causes motion sickness nausea, sweating, and cardiovascular changes

ACh

with CHOLINERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION, ___ is used by all preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

dilate constrict

with digestive functions, sympathetic divisions ___ and parasympathetic divisions ___

ACh postganglionic

with the Cholinergic Stimulation response, __ from ___ neurons of parasympathetic division is usually stimulatory

G-proteins second messenger

α and β Adrenergic Receptors All act using ____ and ____ systems


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