Bio 211 Final Exam

Nucleotides are composed of

1-5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

control of gene expression in eukaryotes

1. Chromatin remodeling 2. Transcription 3. RNA processing 4. Regulation of mRNA life span or stability 5. Translation 6. Post-translation

glycolysis products

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH (does not require O2)

The Krebs cycle produces

2ATP, 6NADH, and 2FADH

endergonic reaction

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. (positive G)

repressor

A protein that binds to an operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to a promoter site

exergonic reaction

A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. (negative G)

Rb protein

A tumor-suppressor protein that helps regulate progression of a cell from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Defects in Rb protein are found in many types of cancer.

feedback inhibition of phosphofructokinase during glycolysis is caused by ________.

ATP

function of mitochondria

ATP production

Pyruvate Processing Outputs

Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH

protein kinase

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating (activating or deactivating) the protein.

Plasmodesmata

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

rubisco can catalyze the addition of _____ to RuBP

CO2 and O2

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Metaphase (step 2 mitosis)

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

what facts did Hershey and Chase make use if in trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material?

DNA contains phosphorous, whereas protein does not

what catalyzes the unwinding of DNA double helix?

DNA helicase

Recombinant DNA

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

glucose vs glycogen

Glucose - oxidation into ATP - monosaccharide form Glycogen - storage of glucose in liver - polysaccharide form

Meiosis I

Homologous chromosomes separate

Why is carbon so important in biology?

It can form a variety of carbon skeletons and host functional groups.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences, removed in the nucleus by the splicesome

operator

Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions.

Chloroplast function

Site of photosynthesis

function of golgi apparatus

Sorts and packages molecules for transport around the cell

lacY gene

Specifies primary structure of permease, an enzyme that facilitates entry of lactose into bacterial cell

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. Has 1.5x more DNA than G1 phase.

operon

a cluster of genes that are regulated by a single promoter

glycosidic linkage

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

the genetic code is essentially the same for all organisms. From this we can assume ______.

a gene from an organism can theoretically be expressed by any other organism.

repressor protein

a regulatory protein that binds to an operator and blocks transcription of the genes of an operon

electron transport chain

a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

CRISPR/Cas9

a unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence

Phospholipids are

amphipathic molecules, containing hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and a glycerol backbone

Autotroph

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

The role of DNA ligase in DNA replication is to

bond Okazaki fragments to one another

When it comes to the arabinose operon, the AraC protein exerts

both negative and positive control

alternative RNA splicing

can allow the production of proteins of different sizes and functions from a single mRNA

A mutation in the gene encoding the Rb protein which prevented this protein from binding to E2F would most likely ________.

cause cancer.

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

What is found in plant cells but not animal cells?

cell wall and chloroplasts

Telophase (final stage mitosis)

chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down, new nuclear membrane forms.

Prophase (step 1 mitosis)

chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus begins to form

lacA gene

codes for the enzyme transacetylase

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids formed in the ribosomeg

Integrins are integral membrane proteins often attached to

cytoskeletal proteins and proteins in the extracellular matrix

Summarize the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break down polymers

cooking oil and gasoline are not amphipathic molecules because

do not have polar or charged region

what conclusions did Beadle and Tatum reach with their studies of Neurospora?

each mutant gene affected only one enzyme

lacZ gene

encodes beta-galactosidase

what statement is true about enzymes?

enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy barriers.

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

gap junctions

Calvin cycle products

glucose, ADP, NADP+

Phospholipids and triglycerides both _____.

have a glycerol backbone

during anaphase I of meiosis, which of the following separates?

homologous chromosomes

Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?

hydrogen bonds

Lactose is the ___ of the lac operon.

inducer

When taken up by a cell, which of the following molecules binds to a repressor so that the repressor no longer binds to the operator?

inducer

what occurs during transcription?

information stored on the DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecules.

the product of the p53 gene _______.

inhibits the cell cycle.

lacl gene

is constitutively expressed (it is always being transcribed and translated) the lac repressor protein is always being created

what is the function of the release factor during translation in eukaryotes?

it binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA

If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following is an appropriate description of its contents?

it has half the amount of DNA as the cell that begins meiosis

special characteristics of steroid hormones

lipid soluble- can readily diffuse through a lipid bilayer of a cell

Triglycerides are

lipids with a glycerol backbone

translation requires

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Calvin cycle function

make organic products plants need, using the products from the Light Reactions of photosynthesis (using ATP and NADPH)

Integrins

membrane proteins; they transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton

Transacetylase (lacA)

metabolizes certain disaccharides other than lactose

A mutation that replaces one amino acid in a protein with another is called a ______ mutation.

missense

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

The presence of oxygen in an uncharged side chain of an amino acid means this amino acid is ________.

polar

Which point of gene expression will cause the most rapid change in a protein that controls a particular trait?

post- translational modification

If all the hydrogen bonds in a protein are disrupted, what level of structure will be preserved?

primary structure

RNA polymerase associates with the _____.

promoter

DNA recombination frequently occurs during_______.

prophase I

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

randomly paired homologous chromosomes lined up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I

which enzyme is not essential to the processes of the central dogma of biology?

reverse transcriptase

peptide bonds are formed in the ________.

ribosome

what is found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells?

ribosomes

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

prokaryotic RNA polymerase requires _____, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase requires ______.

sigma, TATA binding protein

Repressors bind to ______.

silencers

What type of molecule helps hold DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?

single-strand DNA binding protein

Anaphase (step 3 Mitosis)

sister chromatids separate

Plasmids

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Promoter

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

what process occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

synapsis of chromosomes

what components of an amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

the R group

Glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

photosynthetic reactions that require CO2

the calvin cycle alone.

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell

Meiosis II

the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

crucial role of the mitotic spindle

to separate sister chromatids