BIO 233 UNIT 2 HW

The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a ___________. (a) dermatome (b) desmosome (c) neurosome (d) epitheliatome

dermatome

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive -gets louder -gets higher -gets higher and louder -gets lower -gets lower and softer

gets higher

The pupil is expected to constrict when - we need to see color - there is low light intensity - we focus on faraway objects - there is high light intensity

- there is high light intensity

Which of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation? Check all that apply. -Epinephrine -ACh -Noepinephrine -ACTH

-Epinephrine -Noepeinephrine

Which of the following statements describes an action performed by the parasympathetic division of the ANS? (Check all that apply.) -Increased gastrointestinal (GI) motility - increased heart rate - increased salivation - pupillary constriction

-Increased gastrointestinal (GI) motility - increased salivation - pupillary constriction

Which of the following is an example of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors? Check all that apply. -bitter -brightness of light -membrane potential -how long a note is held -left hand or right hand

-bitter -brightness of light -how long a note is held -left hand or right hand

Decide if these retinal events occur in the dark or in the light.1. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate.

1. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate -- In the dark 2. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods.-- In the dark 3. The bipolar cells do not stimulate the ganglion cells. -- In the dark 4. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. -- In the light 5. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. -- In the light 6. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. -- In the light

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball.

1. cornea 2. anterior chamber 3. pupil 4. posterior chamber 5. lens 6. vitreous humor 7. retina 8. vascular tunic

Drag each label into the appropriate category to designate which plexus the given nerve merges into or diverges out from.

C1-C5 Cervical: phrenic nerve, hypogloassal nerve C5-T1 Brachial: musculocutaneous nerve, axillary nerve L1-L5 Lumbar: Femoral, Obturator nerve L4-Co1 Sacral and Coccygeal: Sciatic, gluteal nerves

The eighth spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen between the ______ vertebrae. (a) C7 and T1 (b) C6 and C7 (c) T1 and T2 (d) C5 and C6

C7 and T1

Match the cranial nerve number with its name.

Cranial nerve I -- Olfactory Cranial nerve II -- optic Cranial nerve III -- oculomotor Cranial nerve IV -- trochlear Cranial nerve V -- Trigeminal Cranial nerve VI -- abducens

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is also called the _________ division because of its anatomical location. -Craniosacral -thoarcolumbar

Craniosacral

Order the structures in a sound pathway through the ear, ending with a nerve signal to the brain.

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: - Tympanic membrane - ossicles - oval window - scala vestibuli - cochlear duct - hair cells - cochlear branch of CNS BRAIN:

Match the feature listed with the corresponding division of the nervous system.

Effector response is excitatory only -- somatic Effector response may be excitatory or inhibitory -- autonomic Involuntary control of effector -- autonomic Two-neuron chain -- Autonomic Voluntary control center -- somatic

Match the cranial nerve number with its name.

Facial -- Cranial nerve VII Vestibulocochlear -- Cranial nerve VIII Glossopharyngeal -- Cranial nerve IX Vagus -- Cranial nerve X Accessory -- Cranial nerve XI Hypoglossal -- Cranial nerve XII

Match the correct paired label and functional description to the structure, which is highlighted in the image.

Iris; Regulates pupil diameter

What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? - Na+ - Ca2+ - Cl- - K+

K+

Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Malleus Incus Stapes

Indicate whether the given structure is located in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

Outer ear: - pinna Middle ear: -stapes -tensor tympani muscle Inner ear: -semicircular canals -vestibule -cochlea -saccule -basilar membrane

Read each description below regarding the different ways to classify receptors. Then click and drag each description to the appropriate category based on the classification method to which it applies.

Stimulus Modality: -thermoreceptors -chemoreceptors -photoreceptors -nociceptors Stimulus origin: -interoreceptors -externoreceptors Receptor Distribution: - receptors widely distributed in the skin -receptors associated with cranial nerves

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Stimulus origin: -interceptors -proprioceptors -exteroreceptors Modality of stimulus: -chemoreceptors -thermoreceptors -baroreceptors

The space between the cornea and the lens is filled with -aqueous humor - vitreous humor - macula lutea - water

aqueous humor

Which is a type of tonic receptor that detects both continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin? -lamellated corpuscles -end bulbs -bulbous corpuscles -tactile corpuscles

bulbous corpuscles

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of -dendrites -axons -synaptic knobs

dendrites

If the convergence reflex did not work the person would have _____ vision. - grayscale - double - color-blind - blurry

double

Paralyzed facial muscles may indicate damage to the _______ nerve. (a) trigeminal (b) facial (c) hypoglossal (d) vagus

facial

Damage to the ____________ nerve may result in difficulty extending the knee as in kicking a ball. -femoral -popliteal -sciatic -obturator

femoral

Which structure is not trimmed away in an eye dissection? -optic nerve - eye muscles - eyelids -fat

optic nerve

Free nerve endings are usually found in the - papillary later of the dermis - reticular layer of the dermis - subcutaneous layer - epidermis

papillary later of the dermis

As intense light enters the eye, the _________ decreases in diameter. - iris - pupil - optic disc - retina

pupil

What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear? -incus -pinna -malleus -stapes

stapes

Tactile cells are located in the -stratum basale of the epidermis. - stratum corneum of the epidermis. - papillary layer of the dermis. - reticular layer of the dermis.

stratum basale of the epidermis.

The space containing cerebrospinal fluid is the _________ space. (a) subdural (b) epidural (c) subarachnoid (d) suprarachnoid

subarachnoid

The sympathetic division is also called what? (a) thoracolumbar division (b) craniosacral division (c) thoracosacral division (d) craniolumbar division

thoracolumbar division

Which of the following are parts that make up the posterior portion of the eyeball? (Select all that apply) -optic disc - optic nerve - lens - retina

- optic disc - optic nerve - retina

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Tonic: - sensitivity remains constant - nociceptors continually detecting pain - inner ear cells detecting head position -respond continuously Phasic: - Respond to change - sensitivity decreases over time - skin receptors detecting clothing - Thermoreceptors adjusting to ambient temperature

After an injury, a patient has difficulty contracting his deltoid muscle. This indicates possible damage to the ___________ nerve. -axillary -median -radial -ulnar

axillary

Read each description or phrase below regarding sound waves. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category based on whether it is associated with pitch or loudness.

Pitch: -Determined by the frequency of sound waves -measured in hertz -a person singing a high C -cycles per second Loudness: -measured in decibels -How far the cone vibrates back and forth on each cycle -sound intensity -amplitude of sound wave

Check all that apply to the structure and function of the utricular macula. - Otoliths are small calcium carbonate crystals that are embedded within a gelatinous layer. - Otoliths and the gelatinous layer form the otolithic membrane. - When the head is in the upright position, the otolithic membrane applies pressure directly on the hair cells.

- Otoliths are small calcium carbonate crystals that are embedded within a gelatinous layer. - Otoliths and the gelatinous layer form the otolithic membrane. - When the head is tilted, the hair cells remain erect and there is no neurotransmitter released.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply. - Rods are responsible for night vision -rods are associated with photopic vision - Cones are associated with color vision -there are more cones than rods -cones function in brighter light

- Rods are responsible for night vision - Cones are associated with color vision -cones function in brighter light

What are characteristics of the left and right sympathetic trunks and ganglia? Check all that apply. - Sympathetic trunks and ganglia are located immediately anterior to the paired spinal nerves just lateral to the vertebral column. - Each sympathetic trunk appears much like a pearl necklace. - The "string" of the necklace structure of the sympathetic trunk is composed of bundles of collagen. - The "pearls" of each sympathetic trunk are the sympathetic trunk ganglia.

- Sympathetic trunks and ganglia are located immediately anterior to the paired spinal nerves just lateral to the vertebral column. - Each sympathetic trunk appears much like a pearl necklace. - The "pearls" of each sympathetic trunk are the sympathetic trunk ganglia.

John, a 28-year-old male, enters the emergency room after experiencing a severe blow to the head while playing football. Doctors test pupillary reflexes in both eyes and note asymmetrical pupillary response. Which of the following nerves are being tested in this reflex? (Check all that apply.) -abducens nerve (CN VI) -Facial nerve (CN VII) -Oculomotor nerve (CN III) -Optic nerve (CN II) -Trigeminal nerve (CN V) -Vagus nerve (CN X)

-Oculomotor nerve (CN III) -Optic nerve (CN II)

Check all of the structures that receive information from the vestibular neurons. -cerebellum -oculomotor nerve -trochlear nerve -trigeminal nerve -abducens nerve -optic nerve -thalamus -hypothalamus -frontal lobe -parietal nerve

-cerebellum -oculomotor nerve -trochlear nerve -abducens nerve -thalamus -parietal nerve

Blind spot doesn't have any ____ and therefore produces no visual image. -rods - rods and cones - nerve fibers - cones

rods and cones

Identify the structure(s) that is/are innervated by autonomic motor neurons. (Check all that apply.) -cardiac muscle - glands -skeletal muscle - smooth muscle

- cardiac muscle -glands -smooth muscle

Which neurotransmitters are considered catecholamines? Check all that apply. -dopamine -noepinephrine -acetylcholine -epinephrine

-dopamine -noeprinephrine -epinephrine

Match each tactile receptor or proprioceptor with its rate of adaptation (tonic or phasic).

Tonic -- Muscle spindle Tonic -- Golgi tendon organ Tonic -- joint kinesthetic receptor Phasic -- tactile corpuscle Phasic -- root hair plexus

Activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system will cause the pupils of the eye to __________

dilate

The __________ occurs in response to a sudden increase in light intensity. - pupillary reflex - visual acuity response - convergence reflex - accommodation pupillary reflex

pupillary reflex

Select all the areas of the brain where olfactory information is received. -primary olfactory cortex - primary gustatory cortex -amygdala -cerebellum

- primary olfactory cortex - Amygdala

Match each taste receptor location to the cranial nerve that serves that area, and then choose the corresponding cranial nerve number. Some choices may be used more than once or not at all.

1. Anterior two-thirds of the tongue -- Facial nerve VII 2. Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx -- Glossopharyngeal nerve IX 3. Epiglottis -- Vagus nerve X

After turning on a bright light in a previously dark room, it is difficult to see for a brief time. This is because -the pupil size is too narrow. - the lens is slow to accommodate. -the choroid is slow to absorb the extra light. -the photoreceptors are photobleached.

the photoreceptors are photobleached.

Match each of the effectors listed with the cranial nerve that innervates the effector.

Bronchioles -- Vagus nerve Ciliary muscles and iris of eye -- oculomotor nerve Heart -- Vagus nerve Kidney -- Vagus nerve Lacrimal gland -- facial nerve Salivary gland (parotid) -- glossopharyngeal Salivary glands (under tongue) -- facial nerve Stomach and other digestive organs -- vagus nerve

Drag each label to the appropriate box to indicate whether each statement is associated with rods or cones.

Rods: -involved with nigh vision -uses rhodopsin -used in scotopic vision -high degree of neural convergence Cones: -highly concentrated in and around the macula -involved with color vision -included plasma membrane surrounds each disc -uses photopsin

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Stimulus: -required to initiate a response to sensory input Rapid response: -requires that few neurons are involved -has minimal synaptic delay Pre-programmed response: -occurs the same way every time Involuntary response: -requires no conscious intent

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Stimulus: -smell a flower -see a rainbow -feel the wind Sensation: -recognize a favorite color -realize a plate is hot -recognize a friend's voice

Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves? (a) C1-C8 (b) T1-T11 (c) S1-S5 (d) L1-L5

T1-T11

Which of the following is an example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system? (a) heart rate (b) the adrenal medulla (c) the digestive (GI) tract (d) pupil size

The adrenal medulla

Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the location of sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies. Not all terms will be used.

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the LATERAL HORN of the T1-L2 spinal nerves. From there, the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor axons to EXIT the spinal cord. After this, the preganglionic sympathetic axons enter first the ANTERIOR ROOTS and then the SPINAL NERVES.

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise? - ossicles -cochlear hair cells - tympanic membrane - fibers of the cochlear nerve - tectorial membrane

cochlear hair cells

Patients experiencing hypertension (high blood pressure) may be prescribed drugs called beta-blockers. These drugs bind to receptors on cardiac muscle cells and block the action of the sympathetic neurotransmitter _____________ the heart. This prevents the __________________ effect that the sympathetic innervation would normally have on the heart. Consequently, both heart rate and the force of contraction are ________________.

(1) noepinephrine (2) stimulatory (3) decreased

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear.

1. auricle 2. auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane 4. ossicles 5. oval window 6. scala vestibuli 7. scala tympani 8. round window

What is the correct order through which sound travels in the inner ear? 1. endolymph of cochlear duct 2. round window 3. perilymph of scala vestibule 4. vestibular membrane 5. oval window 6. perilymph of scala tympani 7. basilar membrane

5, 3, 4, 1, 7, 6, 2

Categorize each muscle with the appropriate nerve that innervates it.

Axillary: Deltoid, teres minor Median: thenar muscles Radial: triceps brachii, brachioradialis Ulnar: flexor carpi ulnaris Musculocutaneous: Biceps brachii, brachialis

Which nerve fibers cross at the optic chiasm? (1) Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas (2) Axons of ganglion cells from temporal halves of both retinas (3) Axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the right eye (4) axons of ganglion cells from the retina of the left eye

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

Which structure is comprised of transparent connective tissue?

Cornea

Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual projection pathway? Check all that apply. - Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the right visual cortex. -Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. -Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the ipsilateral visual cortex. -impulses created in the medial retina of the right eye do not decussate in the optic chiasm.

- Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex. - Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the ipsilateral visual cortex.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply. -Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal cortex. - Neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. - Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla. - Sympathetic postganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla. - Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

- Neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. - Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

What are the characteristics of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system? Check all that apply. - Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve. - Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). - All autonomic neurons excite an effector. - The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).

- Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies that lie within the brainstem or spinal cord and extend either as a cranial nerve or spinal nerve - Postganglionic neurons extend from the cell body to an effector (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or gland). - The neurotransmitter released from a ganglionic neuron, in response to a nerve signal, is either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine (NE).

Which of the following statements is true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply. -Smell is a chemical sense. -Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor. -Humans can only distinguish up to 200 odors. -Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli. -When olfactory receptors are stimulated, a receptor potential is created.

-Smell is a chemical sense. -Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor. -Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

General: - visceral sensory receptors - touch receptors - proprioceptors - somatic sensory receptors Special: - photoreceptors in the eye - chemoreceptors for smell - located only in head - structurally complex

Read each description below regarding the kinds of information obtained from sensory receptors and how the nervous system encodes each type. Then click and drag each description to the appropriate category based on the type of modality to which it applies.

Modality: -the brain assumes that a signal from the olfactory epithelium must be for smell Location: -receptive field -concentration of receptors in a given area of skin Intensity: -firing frequency of sensory nerve fibers -number of nerve fibers firing -volume of sound -only the most sensitive receptors are stimulated by weak stimuli Duration: -changes in the firing frequency of sensory nerve impulses over time -tonic receptors

Indicate whether each item is composed of transparent (clear) material through which light passes, or if the item is an opaque structure not involved in the transmission of light.

Opaque structures: -sclera -iris -ciliary body -choroid Transparent structures: -cornea -lens -vitreous humor -aqueous humor

Match the structures with their correct function/feature.

Optic Disc: Area where optic nerve exits the eye. Nerve signal moves out toward the brain. Retina: Contains visual receptors called rods and cones. The sensory part of the eye. Sclera: Protects and forms the outer cover of the eye. Vitreous humor: Helps maintain eyeball shape and pushes retina flat against eyewall.

True or False: Autonomic tone is the continual activity of both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

True

Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.

Unencapsulated: -no protective coat -tactile discs -root hair plexuses -dendritic ends of sensory neurons Encapsulated: -have a protective coat -lamellated corpuscles -end bulbs -tactile corpuscles

Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly? -The brain gives preference to exteroreceptors. -Visceral pain can be so great that it causes somatic pain. -Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons. - The pain signal will often enter the spinal cord through the incorrect root.

Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons.

Astigmatism is assessed using a - astigmatism chart - Snellen eye chart - pen flashlight - metric ruler

astigmatism chart

Shining a bright light into the eye causes the pupil to ______________ in response -constrict -dilate

constrict

To view close objects, the ciliary muscle will _____, the suspensory ligament will _____, and the lens will become more _______. - contract; tighten; rounded -contract; loosen; rounded -relax; tighten; flattened -relax; loosen; flattened

contract; loosen; rounded

How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex? -contraction of its wall -relaxation of its wall -contraction of the uninary sphincters -relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

contraction of its wall

Stepping on a piece of glass with the left foot will result in extension of the right leg to help maintain balance. This is an example of a(n) _____________ reflex. -ipsilateral -contralateral

contralateral

Astigmatism is a result from a defect in the - control of the pupil size - curvature of the cornea or lens - cones of the retina - rods and retina

curvature of the cornea or lens

The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the ________ papillae. -filiform -fungiform -foliate -vallate

filiform

The first nerve cells light will encounter when it reaches the retina are called -ganglion cells - cones - optic nerves - rods

ganglion cells

The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner __________ matter region and an outer ___________ matter region. (a) white; gray (b) gray; white (c) arachnoid; pia (d) dura; denticulate

gray; white

Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? -bony labyrinth -membranous labyrinth -perilympth -temporal bone

membranous labyrinth

Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens? -presbyopia -myopia -hyperopia -anstigatism

myopia

Astigmatism is caused by a problem with the -elasticity of the lens - retinal receptors - shape of the cornea - shape of the eye

shape of the cornea

If a receptor's receptive field is ___________, it allows for greater specificity of localization. -small -large -broad and deep

small

What is the function of rod cells? - They are photoreceptor cells that detect bright day light but not shades - they are photoreceptor cells that detect the amount of light but not colors - they are photoreceptor cells that detect the quality and quantity of light

they are photoreceptor cells that detect the amount of light but not colors

A spinal nerve splits into ___ branches. (a) two (b) four (c) six (d) eight

two

The micturition autonomic reflex is associated with what organ? (a) heart (b) urinary bladder (c) stomach (d) large intestine

urinary bladder

The pupil will constrict when -night vision is necessary -we focus on nearby objects -there is low light intensity -we need to see color

we focus on nearby objects

The _____________ division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls "rest and digest" activities, whereas the ____________ division of the ANS controls the "fight or flight" response.

(1) parasympathetic (2) sympathetic

A patient has suffered a spinal cord injury that completely severed the spinal cord at level T2. Identify which of the following will be negatively affected by the paralysis. (Check all that apply.) - Involuntary control of muscles that reduce the amount of light entering the eye - Involuntary control of sphincters that relax to drain urine from the urinary bladder - Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla - Voluntary control of both lower limbs

- Involuntary control of sphincters that relax to drain urine from the urinary bladder - Release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla - Voluntary control of both lower limbs

Match the four pathways of sympathetic neurons with the region of the body having effector organs innervated by each pathway.

Adrenal medulla pathway: Adrenal gland Splanchnic nerve pathway: abdoment/pelvis Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway: head/eye Spinal nerve pathway: neck, torso, and limbs

Match the following adrenergic receptors with organs affected by each receptor.

Blood vessels (skin) -- Alpha 1 Pancreas -- Alpha 2 Heart -- Beta 1 Blood vessels (heart) -- Beta 2

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Hypoactive reflex: -diminished or absent reflex -may suggest muscle disease -may indicate damage to the neuromuscular junction Hyperactive Reflex: -abnormally strong reflex -may be accompanied by clonus -may indicate damage in the brain

Place cranial nerves in order of numeric name beginning with number I.

I -- Olfactory II -- optic III -- oculomotor IV -- trochlear V -- trigeminal VI -- abducens VII -- facial VIII -- vestibulocochlear IX -- Glossopharyngeal X -- vagus XI -- accessory XII -- Hypoglossal

Which meninx is the deepest in its location? (a) Pia mater (b) arachnoid mater (c) subarachnoid mater (d) dura mater

Pia mater

Classify the descriptions as pertaining to either white or gray rami with respect to their location and composition.

White rami: -carry preganglionic sympathetic axons -associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves -analogous to highway entrance ramps -myelinated Gray rami: -carry postganglionic sympathetic axons -connect to all spinal nerves -analogous to highway exit ramps -unmyelinated

The ________ nerve innervates the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pharynx muscles. (a) XI (accessory) (b) VII (facial) (c) III (oculomotor) (d) XII (hypoglossal)

XI (accessory)

Dual innervation by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS imparts what function to the organ? (a) antagonistic or cooperative effects (b) autonomic tone (c) total antagonistic effect (d) total cooperative effect

antagonistic or cooperative effects

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord. (a) lumbar; sacral (b) cervical; caudal (c) cervical; lumbosacral (d) foramen magnum; lumbosacral

cervical; lumbosacral

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are found (a) in posterior root ganglia (b) in posterior horns of gray matter (c) in the white matter funiculi (d) in anterior horns of gray matter

in posterior root ganglia

Each thoracic spinal nerve emerges from intervertebral foramen that is _____ to the vertebra of the same number. (a) inferior (b) superior

inferior

Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system? (a) sensory neuron (b) motor neuron (c) somatic receptors (d) interneuron (e) effectors

interneuron

Touching a hot object with the right hand will result in withdrawal of the right hand from the object. This is an example of a(n) ____________ reflex. (a) ipsilateral (b) contralateral

ipsilateral

Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell? (a) ganglionic communication (b) ganglionic divergence (c) neuronal divergence (d) neuronal convergence

neuronal convergence

In which sympathetic pathway does the preganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, and the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead projects directly to the effector? (a) splanchnic nerve pathway (b) postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway (c) adrenal medulla pathway (d) descending pathway

postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

While most organs are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions and express antagonistic effects, the best example of a cooperative autonomic effect is demonstrated by what function? (a) Control of heart rate (b) sexual function of male reproductive system (erection and ejaculation) (c) control of muscular activity in the GI tract (d) control of pupil diameter in the iris of the eye

sexual function of male reproductive system (erection and ejaculation)

The division of the ANS responsible for an increase in GSR, heart rate, and BPM is the __________ division. -parasympathetic -sympathetic

sympathetic

Which of the following statements is correct about spinal nerves? (a) the posterior root is sensory (b) the posterior root is motor (c) the ventral root is sensory (d) the central root has a ganglion

the posterior root is sensory

The autonomic nervous system has ___________ lower motor neuron(s) in each pathway. (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

two

Put the following events that occur in a reflex arc in the correct order.

(1) A sensory receptor detects a stimulus (2) A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve to the spinal cord (3) The sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron (4) The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron (5) The motor neuron conducts action potentials through the anterior root and spinal nerve to an effector organ

Put the events involved with a reflex arc into the correct order.

(1) Sensory receptors respond to external and internal stimuli. (2) Sensory neurons conduct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord. (3) Information is processed in the integration center by interneurons. (4) Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector. (5) Effector responds to nerve impulse from motor neuron.

The division of the ANS also known as the craniosacral division is the _______________ division. The division of the ANS also known as the thoracolumbar division is the ________________ division.

(1) parasympathetic (2) sympathetic

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

1. A STIMULUS activates a(n) RECEPTOR. 2. A nerve signal travels through the SENSORY NEURON to the CNS. A sensory neuron conducts a nerve signal from the receptor to the SPINAL CORD. 3. Information from the nerve signal is processed in the INTEGRATION CENTER by INTERNEURONS. 4. The MOTOR NEURON transmits a nerve signal to an EFFECTOR. The nerve signal is transmitted through the ANTERIOR ROOT and spinal nerve to a gland or muscle. 5. A RESPONSE is elicited. A peripheral target organ responds to the nerve signal with the intent to remove the original stimulus.

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Tibial: -formed from the anterior division of the sciatic nerve -innervates plantar flexors of the foot -innervates the hamstrings -splits into lateral and medial plantar nerves Common fibular: -from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve -splits into the superficial and deep fibular nerves

True or False: If sympathetic tone of blood vessels did not exist, further dilation of vessels would not be possible. Only vasoconstriction would be possible as a result of increased sympathetic division activity.

True

True or False: The enteric nervous system contains both motor and sensory neurons.

True

True or False: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments.

True

True or False: The two-neuron chain allows increased communication and control of the effector organ.

True

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Upper Motor neuron: -cell body is in the cerebral cortex -cell body is in the brainstem -excitatory or inhibitory Lower motor neuron: -cell body in the anterior horn of the spinal cord -cell body within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus -always excitatory

Which cranial nerve innervates muscles for facial expression, tear production and most salivary glands? (a) VII (facial) (b) IV (glossopharyngeal (c) XI (accessory) (d) X (vagus)

VII (facial)

Cranial nerve ______ conducts equilibrium and auditory information to the brain. (a) VIII (vestibulocochlear) (b) IV (trochlear) (c) II (optic) (d) XI (accessory)

VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

The two types of motor neurons perform different activities. The upper motor neuron EXCITES OR INHIBITS the activity of the lower motor neuron, but the lower motor neuron always excites because its axon connects directly to the SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS . The cell bodies of motor neurons and most interneurons involved in the innervations and control of limb and trunk muscles reside in the spinal cord ANTERIOR HORN and the gray matter zone between the anterior horn and the posterior horn. The neurons that innervate the head and neck are located in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves and in the RETICULAR FORMATION. Motor neuron axons form two types of motor pathways. The DIRECT pathways are responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscle activity; the INDIRECT pathways are responsible for subconscious or unconscious control.

Why does the vertebral canal extend beyond the spinal cord, encompassing the cauda equina? (a) The spinal cord shortens with age. (b) The vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord during development. (c) The sacral spinal nerves need the most protection. (d) The presence of surrounding cerebrospinal fluid prevents full elongation of the spinal cord during development.

The vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord during development.

How many autonomic plexuses are in the human body? (a) two (b) three (c) four (d) five

five

Norepinephrine (NE) (a) always has an inhibitory effect on the effector (b) has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector (c) always has an excitatory effect on the effector

has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector

In the CNS, the _______ is considered the control and command center of the autonomic nervous system. (a) cerebrum (b) medulla oblongata (c) hypothalamus (d) spinal cord

hypothalamus

The major sympathetic ganglia that lie on top of the unpaired abdominal blood vessels (celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery) are also known as __________ ganglia because of their anatomical location relative to the vertebral column. -paravertebral -prevertebral

prevertebral

Drag and drop the correct words into the sentences.

The PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA are anterior to the vertebral column on the anterolateral surface of the aorta. The paravertebral ganglia are also known as the SYMPATHETIC TRUNK GANGLIA. These connect to form the left and right SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS, which are anterior to the spinal nerves.

Distinguish the differences between the somatic motor nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

1. Preganglionic axons are myelinated; postganglionic axons are unmyelinated. -- Autonomic nervous system 2. Uses only one neuron to reach target Somatic motor nervous system Correct3. Requires two neurons to reach target -- Autonomic nervous system 4. Only one synapse between the neuron and the target -- Somatic motor nervous system 5. Conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle -- Somatic motor nervous system 6. Unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands -- Autonomic nervous system

1. If the neuron secretes acetylcholine, it is a(n) __________neuron. 2. If the neuron secretes epinephrine, it is a(n) __________ neuron.

1. cholinergic 2. Adrenergic

There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column. (a) 24 (b) 16 (c) 42 (d) 31

31

Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category based on whether it is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation.

Antagonistic: - The parasympathetic division contracts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils -the sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate Cooperative: -the sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion. -During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

Match the number of the spinal nerve with its location.

C3 -- cervical plexus L2 -- lumbar plexus S3 -- sacral plexus

Match the nerve with examples of the parasympathetic effector organs it innervates.

CN X (vagus) -- thoracic and most abdominal viscera CN VII (facial) -- lacrimal and salivary glands Pelvic splanchnic nerves -- most pelvic vicar CN III (ocuolmotor) -- ciliary muscles in the eye

Match the description listed with the corresponding component of a reflex arc listed.

Carries out the response -- effector Detects the stimulus -- receptor Neuron that sends impulses away from CNS -- Motor neuron Neuron that sends impulses to the CNS -- Sensory neuron Neuron within the CNS -- interneuron

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Monosynaptic reflex: -simplest reflex -does not involve interneurons -patellar reflex Polysynaptic reflex: -withdrawal reflex -interneurons receive and process information -more prolonged delay between stimulus and response

Match the selected cranial nerves with their function.

Conducts impulses for equilibrium and hearing -- Vestibulocochlear nerve Vision -- Optic nerve Innervates visceral smooth muscle and cardiac muscle -- Vagus nerve Innervates pharynx & secretion of parotid salivary gland -- Glossopharyngeal Innervates muscles of mastication -- Trigeminal nerve Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles -- Hypoglossal nerve Innervates the facial muscles -- Facial

Click and drag the terms on the left to accurately complete the sentences on the right. Not all terms will be used.

Dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from BOTH division(s) of the ANS. If the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it is called ANTAGONISTIC innervation. If the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it is called COOPERATIVE innervation. Since the parasympathetic division causes BRONCHOCONTRICTION and the sympathetic division causes BRONCHODILATION, this is an example of antagonistic innervation.

Match the plexus with its function.

Esophogeal plexus -- Carries signals that control swallowing correct Hypogastric plexus -- Carries signals to pelvic region correct Pulmonary plexus -- Passes signals to bronchi correct Abdominal aortic plexus -- Composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses correct

Which of the following parasympathetic nerves controls the production of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva? (a) oculomotor nerve (CN III) (b) facial nerve (CN VII) (c) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) (d) vagus nerve (CN X)

Facial nerve (CN VII)

True or False: Catecholamines activate a group of receptors called cholinergic receptors. Group starts

False

True or False: Dual innervation means that visceral effectors are innervated by preganglionic axons from both parasympathetic and sympathetic (ANS) divisions.

False

True or false: Muscarinic cholinergic receptors always produce a stimulatory or excitatory response.

False

Classify the given items with the appropriate group.

Femoral nerve: -posterior division nerve -motor to anterior thigh muscles -sensory from the medial leg -sensory from inferomedial thigh Obturator nerve: -anterior division nerve -motor to medial thigh muscles -sensory from superomedial thigh

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.

Most nervous system pathways share several general characteristics:• Most pathways DECUSSATE (cross over) from one side of the body to the other side at some point in their travels. The term CONTRALATERAL is used to indicate the relationship to the opposite side, whereas the term IPSILATERAL means the same side. • All pathways are composed of PAIRED TRACTS. A pathway on the left side of the CNS has a matching tract on the right side of the CNS.• Most pathways are composed of a series of TWO OR THREE NEURONS that work together. Primary neurons, secondary neurons, and sometimes tertiary neurons are seen in SENSORY PATHWAYS that facilitate the pathway's functioning. In contrast, MOTOR PATHWAYS use an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the NUCLEI associated with each pathway.

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

Motor pathways are DESCENDING pathways in the brain and spinal cord that control EFFECTORS. At least two motor neurons are present in the motor pathway: an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron. The cell body of an UPPER motor neuron is housed either within the cerebral cortex or a nucleus within the brain stem. Axons of these synapse either directly on LOWER motor neurons, or on interneurons. The cell body of a lower motor neuron is housed either within the ANTERIOR horn of the spinal cord or within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus. Axons of the lower motor neurons exit the CNS and project to their specific effector cells.

The central nervous system forms primarily from which of the following? (a) neural tube (b) neural canal (c) sulcus limitans (d) neural crest cells

Neural tube

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores? (a) parasympathetic (b) sympathetic (c) somatic

Parasympathetic

Drag each of the following labels into the appropriate box to identify which division of the autonomic nervous system is identified by the given function.

Parasympathetic: -digesting -defecation -contraction of gallbladder -rest and digest Sympathetic: -running -stress -excitement -fight or flight system

Classify the descriptions as being representative of either the somatic nervous system or the autonomic nervous system.

Somatic nervous system: -voluntary control -one lower motor neuron -stimulates skeletal muscle fibers Autonomic nervous system: -involuntary control -two lower motor neurons -innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Cranial nerve ____ innervates structures in the head, neck, and the thoracic and abdominal cavities. (a) X (vagus) (b) III (oculomotor) (c) XII (hypoglossal) (d) V (trigeminal)

X (vagus)

Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for the prolonged effect of the "fight or flight" response? (a) postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway (b) splanchnic nerve pathway (c) adrenal medulla pathway

adrenal medulla pathway

Motor neurons contain their cell bodies in the ______ and axons in the ______. (a) anterior horn; anterior root (b) posterior horn; posterior root (c) posterior horn; anterior root (d) anterior horn; posterior root

anterior horn; anterior root