BIO 243-Chapter 1

proximal and distal

proximal refers to parts that are closer to an attachment point with the body and distal refers to parts that are farther from an attachment point with the body

normal body temperature

98.6 degrees F; allows chemical reactions in the body to occur at an optimal rate

cardiovascular system functions

functions to transport blood throughout the body; blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products; the heart pumps blood

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 5

the effector causes a change that affects the original stimulus

viscera

all of the internal organs contained in the ventral body cavity

digestive system functions

allows for ingestion, digestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

vertebral cavity

also called spinal cavity and it is entirely within the bony vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

anterior refers to parts that are at or closer to the front of the body, and posterior refers to parts that are closer to the back of the body

appendicular body

appendages, which are the upper and lower limbs and their attachment points to the axial body (i.e. shoulder girdle and hip girdle)

levels of structural organization

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

homeostasis

body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions in spite of changing external conditions

catabolism

breakdown of things

3 types of muscles

cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

cellular level

cells are membrane bound structures that contain organelles and other structures; cells are the smallest living units; smallest components that exhibit all the characteristics of life; all living organisms consist of one or more cells

hormones/ endocrine system functions

chemical messengers/ regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other processes in the body

dorsal cavity

close to the outside of the body, and it includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

ventral body cavity

close to the outside of the body, and it includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic

abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera such as the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs

thoracic cavity

contains the heart and lungs

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

four types of tissues

epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous

cell physiology

examines the chemical and molecular processes that occur within and between cells

respiratory system functions

functions in gas exchange to bring oxygen into the body and release carbon dioxide from the body

lymphatic system function

helps maintain blood pressure and immune defense; mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity

midsagittal, median, or midline plane

if the sagittal plane divides the body exactly in half

parasagittal plane

if the sagittal plane is offset from the exact center of the body

endocrine system

includes glands that secrete hormones

skeletal system

includes the bones and joints

nervous system

includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; most important system for the maintenance of homeostasis

cardiovascular system

includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood

urinary system

includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra

lymphatic system

includes the lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue

female reproductive system

includes the mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vulva, and vagina

muscular system

includes the muscles

respiratory system

includes the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, other respiratory pathways, an the lungs

digestive system

includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, and salivary glands

integumentary system

includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands; form the external body covering

male reproductive system

includes the testes, prostrate gland, ductus deferens, and penis

clinical anatomy

includes various medical specialties; ex. radiographic anatomy

11 organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive

body cavities

internal compartments that protect internal organs, hold them in place and allow the to change in size and shape without causing damage

digestion

living things are capable of digestion; they break food down into simpler molecules which are then used for various processes

Excretion

living things are capable of excretion which is the removal of waste products

reproduction

living things are capable or reproduction; this refers both to the production of more cells or brand new organisms

growth

living things can grow; this refers to the growth of a cell and growth in the size of body part or of an entire organism

movement

living things exhibit movement; they can travel through an environment, move past parts of their bodies, transport substances through their bodies

metabolism

living things have metabolism; metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

responsiveness

living things have responsiveness (also referred to as irritability); living things can sense changes in the environment and respond to stimuli

maintaining boundaries

living things need to and are able to maintain boundaries between themselves and other things and within themselves; living things keep their insides inside their bodies and compartmentalize internal structures

cranial cavity

located within the skull and it encases the brain

gross anatomy

macroscopic anatomy; study of large structures that are visible to the naked eye

axial body

main axis of the body, which includes the head, neck, and trunk

properties of living things

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

medial and lateral

medial refers to parts that are toward or at the midline of the body (or midline of an appendage) and lateral refers to parts that are farther away from the midline of the body (or appendage)

oxygen

necessary for chemical reactions to occur properly within cells

appropriate atmospheric pressure

necessary for proper breathing and gas exchange

nutrients

needed for energy, to provide the basic building blocks for building structures, etc.; includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, etc.

muscular system functions

produces movement of the body and inside the body, maintains posture, produces heat; allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

reproductive system functions

produces offspring

cellular respiration

production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

survival needs

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure,

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 3

once a receptor detects a change in a body variable, it sends information about this change to a control center in the body; this message from receptor to control center is sent along AFFERENT pathways

organ system level

organ systems are two or more different organs working closely together

Organelle level

organelles are made up of many different molecules; organelles are specialize structures within cell that perform distinctive functions

organismal level

organism is the highest level of organization; a single individual is sum total of all levels working to keep it alive

organ level

organs are made up of two or more tissue types working together for a specific purpose; most organs made up of all four tissue types

skeletal system functions

protects and supports the body, provides a framework for muscles, and thus helps with movement of the body, produces all three types of blood cells (red, white, & platelets)

integumentary system functions

protects the body, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature, houses pain, pressure, etc.

water

provides a necessary medium for chemical reactions to occur in and it provides the fluid component of bod secretion and excretions

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 4

processing of incoming information in the control center; the control center then sends information out to another part of they body (effector) along an efferent pathway; the effector is the part of the body that will respond to the command from the control center by doing something to return the variable to the equilibrium level (effectors include muscles and glands)

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 2

receptors detect the change in the variable; receptors are sensors that monitor the status of a specific variable and can respond to stimuli

nervous system functions

responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

oblique planes

run diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes

coronal (frontal) plane

runs through the body along the long axis of the body (from head to toe) but it divides the body into front and back parts

sagittal plane

runs through the body along the long axis of the body (head to toe) and divides the body into left and right parts

transverse (horizontal) plane

runs through the body horizontally and slices through the body at any height dividing it into upper and lower sections

Atoms/Atomic level

simplest level or organization; provide the building blocks for every level above it; smallest unit of matter; PART OF CHEMICAL LEVEL

standard anatomical position

standing, with eyes facing forward, both limbs straight, the feet together, and toes pointing forward, and palms of the hands facing forward with the thumbs pointing to the side and away from the body

homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 1

stimulus causes a change in some body variable

systemic physiology

studies the cooperative functions of all organs in an organ system

pathological physiology

studies the effects of disease on organs and organ systems

Anatomy

studies the structures of the body; means "to cut apart"; Includes their scientific names, their locations, and how different structures are associated with one another

cytology

study of cells and their structures

systematic anatomy

study of groups of organs that function together for a single purpose; ex. cardiovascular system

Physiology

study of the function of the body; examines how and why things work and how each structure functions individually and in combination with other structures

regional anatomy

study of the organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head or hand

developmental anatomy

study of the structural changes that occur in an organism from a fertilized egg all the way through maturity

microscopic anatomy

study of the structures that are too small to see with the naked eye

surface anatomy

study of the surface forms and landmarks and the study of internal structures in so far as they relate t the overlying skin

histology

study of tissues and structures

superficial ( external) and deep (internal)

superficial refers to parts that are closer to or at the surface of the body or body part, and deep refers to parts that are farther from the surface of the body or body part

anabolism

synthesis of molecules and other structures

positive feedback mechanisms

the response of the effector enhances or adds to the original stimulus so that the process continues at a faster rate and something external to the feedback mechanism generally is necessary to turn it off

negative feedback mechanisms

the response of the effector reduces, lowers, opposes, or negates the original stimulus; the end result is that the response of the effector returned the variable to thermal equilibrium level; prevent sudden severe changes in the body

complementarity of structure and function

the structure (anatomy) of something determines its function (physiology)

emergent properties

things are often more than the sum of their parts and as more parts work together, new functions are possible; ex. organs in an organ system can, by working together, perform more complex tasks than any could individually

tissue level

tissues are groups of similar cells that work together

Molecules/ molecular level

two or more atoms bound together; PART OF CHEMICAL LEVEL

superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal)

when comparing two parts in the body, the part that is higher is superior and the part that is lower is inferior

serous membranes

within the ventral body; moist double layers of connective tissue that cover both the internal walls of the cavity and the surface of the organs inside the body cavity