BIO 243-Chapter 1
proximal and distal
proximal refers to parts that are closer to an attachment point with the body and distal refers to parts that are farther from an attachment point with the body
normal body temperature
98.6 degrees F; allows chemical reactions in the body to occur at an optimal rate
cardiovascular system functions
functions to transport blood throughout the body; blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products; the heart pumps blood
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 5
the effector causes a change that affects the original stimulus
viscera
all of the internal organs contained in the ventral body cavity
digestive system functions
allows for ingestion, digestion, propulsion, absorption, and defecation; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
vertebral cavity
also called spinal cavity and it is entirely within the bony vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
anterior refers to parts that are at or closer to the front of the body, and posterior refers to parts that are closer to the back of the body
appendicular body
appendages, which are the upper and lower limbs and their attachment points to the axial body (i.e. shoulder girdle and hip girdle)
levels of structural organization
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
homeostasis
body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions in spite of changing external conditions
catabolism
breakdown of things
3 types of muscles
cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
cellular level
cells are membrane bound structures that contain organelles and other structures; cells are the smallest living units; smallest components that exhibit all the characteristics of life; all living organisms consist of one or more cells
hormones/ endocrine system functions
chemical messengers/ regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, and other processes in the body
dorsal cavity
close to the outside of the body, and it includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
ventral body cavity
close to the outside of the body, and it includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic
abdominal cavity
contains digestive viscera such as the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs
thoracic cavity
contains the heart and lungs
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
four types of tissues
epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous
cell physiology
examines the chemical and molecular processes that occur within and between cells
respiratory system functions
functions in gas exchange to bring oxygen into the body and release carbon dioxide from the body
lymphatic system function
helps maintain blood pressure and immune defense; mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity
midsagittal, median, or midline plane
if the sagittal plane divides the body exactly in half
parasagittal plane
if the sagittal plane is offset from the exact center of the body
endocrine system
includes glands that secrete hormones
skeletal system
includes the bones and joints
nervous system
includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; most important system for the maintenance of homeostasis
cardiovascular system
includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
urinary system
includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra
lymphatic system
includes the lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels, spleen, and other lymphoid tissue
female reproductive system
includes the mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vulva, and vagina
muscular system
includes the muscles
respiratory system
includes the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, other respiratory pathways, an the lungs
digestive system
includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, and salivary glands
integumentary system
includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands; form the external body covering
male reproductive system
includes the testes, prostrate gland, ductus deferens, and penis
clinical anatomy
includes various medical specialties; ex. radiographic anatomy
11 organ systems
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, & reproductive
body cavities
internal compartments that protect internal organs, hold them in place and allow the to change in size and shape without causing damage
digestion
living things are capable of digestion; they break food down into simpler molecules which are then used for various processes
Excretion
living things are capable of excretion which is the removal of waste products
reproduction
living things are capable or reproduction; this refers both to the production of more cells or brand new organisms
growth
living things can grow; this refers to the growth of a cell and growth in the size of body part or of an entire organism
movement
living things exhibit movement; they can travel through an environment, move past parts of their bodies, transport substances through their bodies
metabolism
living things have metabolism; metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
responsiveness
living things have responsiveness (also referred to as irritability); living things can sense changes in the environment and respond to stimuli
maintaining boundaries
living things need to and are able to maintain boundaries between themselves and other things and within themselves; living things keep their insides inside their bodies and compartmentalize internal structures
cranial cavity
located within the skull and it encases the brain
gross anatomy
macroscopic anatomy; study of large structures that are visible to the naked eye
axial body
main axis of the body, which includes the head, neck, and trunk
properties of living things
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
medial and lateral
medial refers to parts that are toward or at the midline of the body (or midline of an appendage) and lateral refers to parts that are farther away from the midline of the body (or appendage)
oxygen
necessary for chemical reactions to occur properly within cells
appropriate atmospheric pressure
necessary for proper breathing and gas exchange
nutrients
needed for energy, to provide the basic building blocks for building structures, etc.; includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, etc.
muscular system functions
produces movement of the body and inside the body, maintains posture, produces heat; allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
reproductive system functions
produces offspring
cellular respiration
production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
survival needs
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure,
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 3
once a receptor detects a change in a body variable, it sends information about this change to a control center in the body; this message from receptor to control center is sent along AFFERENT pathways
organ system level
organ systems are two or more different organs working closely together
Organelle level
organelles are made up of many different molecules; organelles are specialize structures within cell that perform distinctive functions
organismal level
organism is the highest level of organization; a single individual is sum total of all levels working to keep it alive
organ level
organs are made up of two or more tissue types working together for a specific purpose; most organs made up of all four tissue types
skeletal system functions
protects and supports the body, provides a framework for muscles, and thus helps with movement of the body, produces all three types of blood cells (red, white, & platelets)
integumentary system functions
protects the body, synthesizes vitamin D, regulates body temperature, houses pain, pressure, etc.
water
provides a necessary medium for chemical reactions to occur in and it provides the fluid component of bod secretion and excretions
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 4
processing of incoming information in the control center; the control center then sends information out to another part of they body (effector) along an efferent pathway; the effector is the part of the body that will respond to the command from the control center by doing something to return the variable to the equilibrium level (effectors include muscles and glands)
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 2
receptors detect the change in the variable; receptors are sensors that monitor the status of a specific variable and can respond to stimuli
nervous system functions
responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
oblique planes
run diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes
coronal (frontal) plane
runs through the body along the long axis of the body (from head to toe) but it divides the body into front and back parts
sagittal plane
runs through the body along the long axis of the body (head to toe) and divides the body into left and right parts
transverse (horizontal) plane
runs through the body horizontally and slices through the body at any height dividing it into upper and lower sections
Atoms/Atomic level
simplest level or organization; provide the building blocks for every level above it; smallest unit of matter; PART OF CHEMICAL LEVEL
standard anatomical position
standing, with eyes facing forward, both limbs straight, the feet together, and toes pointing forward, and palms of the hands facing forward with the thumbs pointing to the side and away from the body
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms: step 1
stimulus causes a change in some body variable
systemic physiology
studies the cooperative functions of all organs in an organ system
pathological physiology
studies the effects of disease on organs and organ systems
Anatomy
studies the structures of the body; means "to cut apart"; Includes their scientific names, their locations, and how different structures are associated with one another
cytology
study of cells and their structures
systematic anatomy
study of groups of organs that function together for a single purpose; ex. cardiovascular system
Physiology
study of the function of the body; examines how and why things work and how each structure functions individually and in combination with other structures
regional anatomy
study of the organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head or hand
developmental anatomy
study of the structural changes that occur in an organism from a fertilized egg all the way through maturity
microscopic anatomy
study of the structures that are too small to see with the naked eye
surface anatomy
study of the surface forms and landmarks and the study of internal structures in so far as they relate t the overlying skin
histology
study of tissues and structures
superficial ( external) and deep (internal)
superficial refers to parts that are closer to or at the surface of the body or body part, and deep refers to parts that are farther from the surface of the body or body part
anabolism
synthesis of molecules and other structures
positive feedback mechanisms
the response of the effector enhances or adds to the original stimulus so that the process continues at a faster rate and something external to the feedback mechanism generally is necessary to turn it off
negative feedback mechanisms
the response of the effector reduces, lowers, opposes, or negates the original stimulus; the end result is that the response of the effector returned the variable to thermal equilibrium level; prevent sudden severe changes in the body
complementarity of structure and function
the structure (anatomy) of something determines its function (physiology)
emergent properties
things are often more than the sum of their parts and as more parts work together, new functions are possible; ex. organs in an organ system can, by working together, perform more complex tasks than any could individually
tissue level
tissues are groups of similar cells that work together
Molecules/ molecular level
two or more atoms bound together; PART OF CHEMICAL LEVEL
superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal)
when comparing two parts in the body, the part that is higher is superior and the part that is lower is inferior
serous membranes
within the ventral body; moist double layers of connective tissue that cover both the internal walls of the cavity and the surface of the organs inside the body cavity