BIO 256 exam 3

An increase in venous return most directly affects

stroke volume

when the systemic mean arterial pressure is less than 60 mm Hg,

syncope may follow

The viscosity of blood most directly affects

systemic vascular resistance

The function of hemoglobin is to

*essential chemical which carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body

Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte?

*lymphoblasts

Rigor mortis occurs because

*metabolic activity continues in the muscle after death. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is needed to maintain the postmortem relaxation of the muscles.

Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?

nitric acid

which metabolic control substance cause capillary dilation in a tissue

nitric oxide

which would decrease blood pressure

nitric oxide

if a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum

no anticoagulant should be added to the tube of blood

which provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart

norepinephrine

which is a risk factor for essential hypertension

obesity

initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begin with

opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels

poor nutrition may lead to

orthostatic hypotension

angina pectoris is

pain accompanying myocardial ischemia

Select the correct statement about blood flow

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials, while autorhythmic fibers use

Na++, Ca++

an extended P-Q interval on a EKG usually indicates

a blockage in the conduction system

acute hypotension may be the result of

a large scale blood loss

hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

cardiac ischemia can result in

a myocardial infarction

muscle tone is

a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles

the most abundant plasma protein is

albumin

which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart

atrioventricular valve

the lubb heart sound occurs with the __ valves are closing, while the dub heart sound occurs as ___ valves close

atrioventricular, semilunar

oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by

attaching to the iron ion heme

which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure

the thymus

Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

there are more thick filaments than thin filaments.

fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. what does this mean?

there are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in his plasma

which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

they are nucleated

which of the following are composed of myosin?

thick filaments

which of the following are composed of actin

thin filaments

Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by

travel at high altitude

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called the

baroreceptor reflex

the warm up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called

treppe

what ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential

calcium

select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level

carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluids and capillaries

in muscle contraction, calcium acts to

cause ATP to bind to actin

norepinephrine acts on heart muscles by

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

in an isotonic contraction, the muscle

changes in length and moves the "load"

in an isotonic contraction the muscle...

changes in length and moves the load

normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events

closure of the heart valves

select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

The molecule binding calcium in smooth muscle cells is

troponin

calcium ions bind to ___ in skeletal muscle cells

troponin

when red blood cells wear out, the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. the remainder of the heme is

excreted as bile pigments

factors aiding venous return include all except

urinary output

the blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is

vein

the blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the

vein

mild exercise causes skeletal muscles to use ___ for their energy needs

fatty acids

blood bypasses a capillary bed flow through its

metarterial

which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte

monoblast

no visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

monocytes

a person with chronic granulocytic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body

more

a motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a(n)?

motor unit

heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called

murmurs

the number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its?

muscle tone

which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?

myeloblast

which of the following is a precursor of a eosinophil

myeloblast

oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in

myoglobin

which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential

na+ inward flux --> ca++ inward flux --> k+ outward flux

the tricuspid valve is closed

when the right ventricle is in systole

in skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by

perimysium

a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes is characteristic of

pernicious anemia

acute leukemia is more common in ____ people; chronic leukemia is more common in _____ people

younger, older

the initial stimulus for vasoconstriction occurring in hemostatsis is

physical damage to the vessel

control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its

precapillary sphincter

which is the most important factor affecting stroke volume

preload

which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis

production of vacuoles

aldosterone will

promote an increase in blood pressure

which is not made and released by activated platelets as they plug a damaged blood vessel and initiate tissue repaire

prostacyclin

which takes the longest time in a contracting skeletal myofiber

recovery

when stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called

recruitment

glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to

reestablish glycogen stores

what is the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

regulates intracellular calcium levels

In muscle contraction, calcium acts to

remove the blocking action of tropomyosin

where is the pacemaker located?

right atrium

the time from when the ventricular contracture myofibers are depolarized until they repolarize is represented in the

s-t interval

The functional unit of a skeletal muscle is

sarcomere

an elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?

serum cholesterol

during a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the

sinoatrial node

which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?

smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle

During contraction of heart muscle cells

some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores

the primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis of worn out red blood cells are

spleen and liver

oxygen and nutrients are carried to the ventricular myocardium

during ventricular diastole

The process of forming new red blood cells is called

erythropoises

peripheral resistance

increases as blood viscosity increases

blood flow to the skin _____

increases when environmental temperature rises

which is not a nutrient required for erythropoiesis?

iodine

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon

is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine

is destroyed by acetyl choline esterase

all of the following can be expected with polycythemia except

low blood viscosity

Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a(n)

...

If lymphatic vessels are blocked, then in areas drained by the blocked vessels

...

Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?

...

which of the following is true about smooth muscles

....

on average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about

5 liters/min

Normal cardiac output is about ________ L/min

5.2

the stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat

70

which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)

BP=CO x PR

If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?

Biliruben

on an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the

QRS complex

the normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is

above 50%

jane has a reticulocyte count of 8%. this is

above normal

the first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is?

acetocholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors

which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure

aorta

pulse is measured in

arteries

the blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients TO the tissues is the

artery

which is a pharmaceutical anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation by activated platelets

asprin

the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

atrial depolarization

Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.

atrioventricular node

Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria

atrioventricular node

the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to

bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration and contraction

during the period of ventricular filling

blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves

during the period of ventricular filling,

blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves

intense exercise can cause

both of the above

The dicrotic notch refers to the

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off the aortic seminar valve

red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they

do not have mitochondria

Which of the following wraps an individual muscle cell

endomysium

a heart beat is normally initiated when

enough ca++ enters the cells of a sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials

which of the following wraps an entire muscle

epimysium

formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are

erythrocytes

which blood protein carries blood from the lungs to tissue

hemoglobin

which would be associated with prematurely ruptured erythrocytes

hemolytic anemia

myoglobin

holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells

if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

impaired delivery of oxygen

blood pressure peaks each day at

in the morning

thromboemolytic disorders

include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system

input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to

increase

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine.

which of the following might trigger erythropoisis

increased tissue demand for oxygen

which is true about blood plasma

it is about 90% water

athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

lactic acid

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae.

latent

which blood cells orchestrate the complex interactions of cell functions in the immune system, allowing the body to eliminate infections

t-lymphocytes

a muscle cell undergoing treppe is exhibiting ____ summation

temporal

a sustained and frequent muscle stimulus bring about

tetanus

carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by

the amino acids of hemoglobin

the mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT

the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs