BIO 256 exam 3
An increase in venous return most directly affects
stroke volume
when the systemic mean arterial pressure is less than 60 mm Hg,
syncope may follow
The viscosity of blood most directly affects
systemic vascular resistance
The function of hemoglobin is to
*essential chemical which carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body
Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte?
*lymphoblasts
Rigor mortis occurs because
*metabolic activity continues in the muscle after death. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is needed to maintain the postmortem relaxation of the muscles.
Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?
nitric acid
which metabolic control substance cause capillary dilation in a tissue
nitric oxide
which would decrease blood pressure
nitric oxide
if a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum
no anticoagulant should be added to the tube of blood
which provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart
norepinephrine
which is a risk factor for essential hypertension
obesity
initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begin with
opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels
poor nutrition may lead to
orthostatic hypotension
angina pectoris is
pain accompanying myocardial ischemia
Select the correct statement about blood flow
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials, while autorhythmic fibers use
Na++, Ca++
an extended P-Q interval on a EKG usually indicates
a blockage in the conduction system
acute hypotension may be the result of
a large scale blood loss
hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
cardiac ischemia can result in
a myocardial infarction
muscle tone is
a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles
the most abundant plasma protein is
albumin
which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart
atrioventricular valve
the lubb heart sound occurs with the __ valves are closing, while the dub heart sound occurs as ___ valves close
atrioventricular, semilunar
oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by
attaching to the iron ion heme
which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure
the thymus
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
there are more thick filaments than thin filaments.
fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. what does this mean?
there are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in his plasma
which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
they are nucleated
which of the following are composed of myosin?
thick filaments
which of the following are composed of actin
thin filaments
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by
travel at high altitude
When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called the
baroreceptor reflex
the warm up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
treppe
what ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential
calcium
select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level
carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluids and capillaries
in muscle contraction, calcium acts to
cause ATP to bind to actin
norepinephrine acts on heart muscles by
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
in an isotonic contraction, the muscle
changes in length and moves the "load"
in an isotonic contraction the muscle...
changes in length and moves the load
normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events
closure of the heart valves
select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
The molecule binding calcium in smooth muscle cells is
troponin
calcium ions bind to ___ in skeletal muscle cells
troponin
when red blood cells wear out, the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. the remainder of the heme is
excreted as bile pigments
factors aiding venous return include all except
urinary output
the blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is
vein
the blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the
vein
mild exercise causes skeletal muscles to use ___ for their energy needs
fatty acids
blood bypasses a capillary bed flow through its
metarterial
which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte
monoblast
no visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
monocytes
a person with chronic granulocytic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body
more
a motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a(n)?
motor unit
heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called
murmurs
the number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its?
muscle tone
which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
myeloblast
which of the following is a precursor of a eosinophil
myeloblast
oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in
myoglobin
which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential
na+ inward flux --> ca++ inward flux --> k+ outward flux
the tricuspid valve is closed
when the right ventricle is in systole
in skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by
perimysium
a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes is characteristic of
pernicious anemia
acute leukemia is more common in ____ people; chronic leukemia is more common in _____ people
younger, older
the initial stimulus for vasoconstriction occurring in hemostatsis is
physical damage to the vessel
control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its
precapillary sphincter
which is the most important factor affecting stroke volume
preload
which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis
production of vacuoles
aldosterone will
promote an increase in blood pressure
which is not made and released by activated platelets as they plug a damaged blood vessel and initiate tissue repaire
prostacyclin
which takes the longest time in a contracting skeletal myofiber
recovery
when stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called
recruitment
glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to
reestablish glycogen stores
what is the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?
regulates intracellular calcium levels
In muscle contraction, calcium acts to
remove the blocking action of tropomyosin
where is the pacemaker located?
right atrium
the time from when the ventricular contracture myofibers are depolarized until they repolarize is represented in the
s-t interval
The functional unit of a skeletal muscle is
sarcomere
an elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?
serum cholesterol
during a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the
sinoatrial node
which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?
smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle
During contraction of heart muscle cells
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
the primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis of worn out red blood cells are
spleen and liver
oxygen and nutrients are carried to the ventricular myocardium
during ventricular diastole
The process of forming new red blood cells is called
erythropoises
peripheral resistance
increases as blood viscosity increases
blood flow to the skin _____
increases when environmental temperature rises
which is not a nutrient required for erythropoiesis?
iodine
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon
is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine
is destroyed by acetyl choline esterase
all of the following can be expected with polycythemia except
low blood viscosity
Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a(n)
...
If lymphatic vessels are blocked, then in areas drained by the blocked vessels
...
Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?
...
which of the following is true about smooth muscles
....
on average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about
5 liters/min
Normal cardiac output is about ________ L/min
5.2
the stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat
70
which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)
BP=CO x PR
If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?
Biliruben
on an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the
QRS complex
the normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is
above 50%
jane has a reticulocyte count of 8%. this is
above normal
the first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is?
acetocholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors
which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure
aorta
pulse is measured in
arteries
the blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients TO the tissues is the
artery
which is a pharmaceutical anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation by activated platelets
asprin
the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates
atrial depolarization
Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.
atrioventricular node
Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria
atrioventricular node
the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to
bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration and contraction
during the period of ventricular filling
blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves
during the period of ventricular filling,
blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves
intense exercise can cause
both of the above
The dicrotic notch refers to the
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off the aortic seminar valve
red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they
do not have mitochondria
Which of the following wraps an individual muscle cell
endomysium
a heart beat is normally initiated when
enough ca++ enters the cells of a sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials
which of the following wraps an entire muscle
epimysium
formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are
erythrocytes
which blood protein carries blood from the lungs to tissue
hemoglobin
which would be associated with prematurely ruptured erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
myoglobin
holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells
if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
impaired delivery of oxygen
blood pressure peaks each day at
in the morning
thromboemolytic disorders
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to
increase
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine.
which of the following might trigger erythropoisis
increased tissue demand for oxygen
which is true about blood plasma
it is about 90% water
athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to
lactic acid
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae.
latent
which blood cells orchestrate the complex interactions of cell functions in the immune system, allowing the body to eliminate infections
t-lymphocytes
a muscle cell undergoing treppe is exhibiting ____ summation
temporal
a sustained and frequent muscle stimulus bring about
tetanus
carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by
the amino acids of hemoglobin
the mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT
the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs