BIO 256 Exam 3 SB

Platelets

stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?

stroke volume must increase

When the systemic mean arterial pressure is less than 60 mm Hg,

syncope may follow

Which is NOT a function of blood?

synthesis of hormones

The viscosity of blood most directly affects?

systemic vascular resistance

The viscosity of blood most directly affects

systemic vascular resistances

The pulse pressure is?

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

If blood hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mm Hg, blood colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mm Hg, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mm Hg, and the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, the net filtration will be

+ 7 mm Hg

If blood hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, blood colloid osmotic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 25 mm Hg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mm Hg, the net filtration pressure will be

+5 mm Hg

Which will decrease blood pressure?

nitric oxide

Isotonic muscle contraction

no changing tension, changes length

Which provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart?

norepinephrine

Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension?

obesity

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with?

opening of voltage-gated fast sodium channels

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells beings with

opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels

Angina pectoris is

pain accompanying myocardial ischemia

Which hormone reduces blood pressure?

Atrial Natruiretic Peptide (ANP)

Zobob is a cigarette smoker. His hematocrit is 56%, which is higher than normal. What physiological process is causing his elevated hematocrit?

Carbon monoxide in the smoke blocks the spots on hemoglobin that could deliver oxygen to the tissues, including the kidneys. Therefore, the kidneys make more erythropoietin, promoting the elevated hematocrit.

Which of the following is true about smooth muscles?

Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers

Which ion is NOT directly involved in a muscle action potential?

Cl-

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating (FSH), and for this reason may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem

FSH regulates ovaries and testes function. This means the man is not producing sperm

When old red blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin from the hemoglobin is

It is transported to the bone marrow via the a protein called transferrin

When a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine, ____ channels on the plasma membrane open.

Na+

Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?

Na+ inward flux --> Ca++ inward flux --> K+ outward flux

Voltage-gated ___ channels are associated with depolarization of cardiac muscle, but voltage-gated __ channels are associated with depolarization.

Na+, K+

Voltage-gated ___ channels are associated with depolarization of cardiac muscle, but voltage-gated ___ channels are associated with repolarization.

Na+, K+

If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum...?

No anticoagulant should be added to the tube of blood

Which of the following hormones provides a positive chronotropic effect on the heart?

Norepinephrine

In an exercising muscle, myoglobin repletes ___ and creatine phosphate repletes___.

O2, ATP

On an EKG, the ___ wave represents atrial depolarization, while the ___ wave represents ventricular depolarization.

P, QRS

Which blood cells orchestrate the complex interactions of cell functions in the immune system, allowing the body to eliminate infections?

T-lymphocytes

In muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ____ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma.

T-tubules

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells

The all-or none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the atria or ventricles contract as a unit or not at all.

A sarcomere is

The area between two Z discs

Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean?

There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to RH antigens in his plasma

Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?

They are all nucleated

____ binds Ca++, exposing _____ binding sites on _____.

Troponin, myosin, actin

An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates

a blockage in the conduction system

Coagulation of blood produces

a fibrin clot

Acute hypotension may be the result of

a large-scale blood loss

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes?

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

A motor unit is

a motor neuron and the myofibers it stimulates

Cardiac ischemia can result in

a myocardial infarction

Cardiac ischemia can result in

a myocardial infraction

Muscle tone is

a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles.

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops sending ACh is:

acetylcholinesterase destroys the ACh as it is removed from the membrane receptors

The sliding filament model of contraction involves

actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening.

Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Which blood protein(s) regulates osmotic pressure, pulling water into the blood?

albumin

Which will increase blood pressure?

alcohol

Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?

atrioventricular valve

Oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by

attaching to the iron ion in heme

Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure?

the thymus

which of the following are composed of actin?

thin filaments

The conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin requires direct enzymatic conversion by

thrombin

Blood clotting is initiated by

tissue damaging events

When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, the hemoglobin is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by

transferring the iron to the red bone marrow for incorporation into new hemoglobin

Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by

travel at high altitudes

The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called

treppe

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called the

baroreceptor reflex

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called the?

baroreceptor reflex

The least abundant human leukocytes are the

basophils

Zobob has mitral valve stenosis and incompetence. She is having trouble breathing and she is coughing up a whitish sputum. How would her heart problems be causing her pulmonary symptoms?

because the stenosis and incompetence make the left ventricle's pumping inefficient, this results in positive net filtration pressure. So fluid builds up in the lungs, thus the sputum formation.

Which cell type makes insulin in the pancreas?

beta cells

Which is NOT a term referring to the immune system proteins made by plasma cells?

beta globulins

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential?

calcium

The molecule binding calcium in smooth muscle cells is

camlodulin

An individual who is AB negative...?

can donate to AB+ and AB-

An individual who is blood type AB negative

can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

Gas exchange occurs in

capillaries

The blood vessel type allowing exchange of respiratory gases, delivery of nutrients, and removal of wastes to and from the tissues is the

capillary

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry oxygen

Nitric Oxide

causes local vasodilation

Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

In muscle contraction, calcium acts to

change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle...?

changes in length and moves the "load"

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle:

changes in length and moves the "load"

Poor nutrition may lead to

chronic hypertension

Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?

circulatory shock

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of heart valves

The second heart sound (dubb) is caused by the

closure of semilunar valves

Which is a blood vessel that does NOT do vasodilation or vasoconstriciton?

conducting artery

What is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?

contractility

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.

excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

Which of the following is NOT a cause of bleeding disorders?

excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Calcium ions bind to ____ in skeletal muscle cells.

troponin

Calcium ions bind to _____ in skeletal muscle cells.

troponin

when red blood cells wear out the iron of hemoglobin is saved and recycled. the remainder of the heme is

excreted as bile pigments (bilirubin)

What causes the sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?

turbulence

When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood type is ____.

type 0

Factors that aid venous return include all except

urinary output

All of the following conditions impair coagulation EXCEPT

vascular spasm

Blood flow to a tissue increases if...?

vasodilation increases

The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the

vein

skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through

veins

Platelets initially stick to the wall of a damaged blood vessel because

exposed collagen fibers make a rough surface to which platelets are attracted

Negative chronotropic factors are

factors that decrease heart rate

Starlings law of the heart states that the heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood.

false

The sheet of connective tissue beneath skin around a muscle, providing a pathway for nerves and blood vessels is called the

fascia

Which of the following is NOT a complication of aplastic anemia?

hypertension

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon is caused by what?

hypertrophy of the heart muscle

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

lowering of blood pressure, do to change in cardiac output

Where in the body would you find low blood oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasolidation?

lungs

Which returns fluid escaping from the circulatory system to the circulatory system?

lymphatic vessels

Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte?

lymphoblast

Which is NOT or does NOT become a phagocyte?

lymphocyte

Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

As red blood cells age

membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged.

Which of the following is a precursor of a neutrophil?

meyoblasts

Which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte?

monoblasts

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

monocytes

Which blood cells migrate to tissues to become macrophages?

monocytes

A person with chronic granulocytic leukemia is ____ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body

more

An athlete sitting next to a non-athlete of the same weight and height, watching the same TV show, is burning more calories because the athlete has

more muscle tone

The myocardium requires ____ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ____ mitochondria

more, more

Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a(n)

motor end plate

A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a(n)

motor unit

Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called

murmurs

How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?

muscle blood flow can increase tenfold or more during physical activity as vasodilation occurs

The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its

muscle tone

Which of the following is a precursor of an eosinophil?

myeloblast

which of the following is a precursor of an eosinophil?

myeloblast

Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in

myogoblin

The most abundant human leukocytes are the

neutrophils

Which blood cells increase in number, with immature forms appearing the circulating blood, to do phagocytosis to eliminate bacterial infections?

neutrophils

The tricuspid valve is closed

when the right ventricle is in systole

The tricuspid valve is closed

when the ventricle is in systole

James has a hemoglobin measurement of 15 g/100 ml blood. This is

within normal range

The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had three children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus

never was a problem

Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?

perimysium

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of...?

pernicious anemia

a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin b12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is a characteristic of:

pernicious anemia

Acute leukemia is more common in ____ persons; chronic leukemia is more common in ____ persons.

younger, older

The initial stimulus for vasoconstriction occuring in hemostasis is

physical damage to the vessel

Which is an anticoagulant protein that can dissolve clots, thus limiting their size to that necessary? This protein is made as needed from an inactive precursor in plasma

plasmin

Which blood cell type is really just a fragment of the cytoplasm of a bone marrow megakaryocyte, surrounded by plasma membrane?

platelet

Which formed element is NOT a cell?

platelet

The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of

platelets/white blood cells (NOT SERUM)

Zobob has a hematocrit of 75% with 6% reticulocytes. His blood pressure is elevated and his skin is very reddish. What is his disorder and what is its cause?

polycythemia vera, uncontrolled erythropoiesis.

Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its

precapillary sphincter

Which is the most important factor affecting stroke volume?

preload

Which of the following is a protective function of blood?

prevention of blood loss

Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?

production of vacuoles

Place the following in the correct developmental sequence: normoblast, late erythroblast, pro erythroblast, reticulocyte

proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

Aldosterone will

promote an increase in blood pressure

Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the

pulmonary veins

Which anticoagulant is released by intact endothelial cells to prevent inappropriate clot formation?

quinone

glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to

re-establish glycogen stores

Which takes the longest time in a contracting skeletal myofiber?

recovery

When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called

recruitment

When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called...?

recruitment

When a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli, it is in which of the following periods?

refractory period

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to:

regulate intracellular calcium concentration

The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects

resistance

The lymphatic vessels

return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart

Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?

right atrium

The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a(n)

sarcolemma

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular

second messengers

Excessive secretion of the hormone renin can cause

secondary hypertension

Which is NOT a vital sign used to asses the cardiovascular system?

serum cholesterol

____ is the liquid portion of blood after coagulation. It has ___ protein than before coagulation

serum, less

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is

significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel

The stimulus for atrial contraction originates at the ___, while the stimulus for ventricular contraction originates at the ___.

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node

The stimulus for atrial contraction originates at the ___, while the stimulus for ventricular contraction originates at the ____.

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node

Which requires nervous system input for stimulation of muscle contraction?

skeletal muscle

Bradycardia is a ____ heartbeat while tachycardia is a ____ heartbeat

slow, fast

Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?

smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle

During contraction of heart muscle cells

some calcium enters the cytoplasm quickly from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, then more calcium comes in from the extracellular space.

Chemical analysis can be used to asses a person's health

status of their whole body

In an isometric contraction, muscles

stay the same length

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the

SA node

Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the

SA node

Initiation of the heart beat is the responsibility of the

SA node

Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers

the pacemaker of the heart. located where?

SA node. upper right atrium

Mechanisms that do NOT help auto regulate blood pressure include?

dural sinus reflex

The process of forming new red blood cells is called

erythropoiesis

If lymphatic vessels are blocked, then in areas drained by the blocked vessels...?

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases

If lymphatic vessels are blocked, then in areas drained by the blocked vessels

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases.

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by?

intrinsic auto regulation mechanisms

Which is not a nutrient required for erythropoiesis?

iodine

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon

is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine

is destroyed by acetylcholine esterase

The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn-out blood cells are the?

liver and spleen

Mechanisms that do NOT help auto regulate blood pressure include

liver synthesis of albumin blood protein

mechanisms that do NOT help autoregulate blood pressure include

liver synthesis of albumin blood protein and alcohol

All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except

low blood viscosity

If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 in a 50 year old man

The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is

25%

Which sequence is correct for the following events: 1: fibrinogen>fibrin 2: clot retraction 3:formation of thromboplastin 4:prothrombin>thrombin

3,4,1,2

On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about

5 liters/min

Normal cardiac output is about ____ L/min.

5.2

Which of the following represents a normal differential count in a healthy adult?

65% neutrophils, 25% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes, 3% eosinophils, 1% basophils

Creatine phosphate in a muscle cell allows it to replenish

ATP

Creatine phosphate in muscle cell allows it to replenish:

ATP

Rigor mortis occurs because

ATP required to detach myosin from actin molecules is depleted

Damage to the ____ is referred to as a heart block

AV node

Which anatomical component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?

AV node

damage to the ____ is referred to as a heart block

AV node (atrioventricular)

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is

Acetocholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors

Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?

BP=COxPR

The cardiac muscle contraction occurs when

Ca enters the myofibers through slow channels

Cardiac muscle fibers remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle fibers because

Ca++ enters the cytosol from the extracellular fluid to contribute more depolarization just after Na+ has entered.

the cardiac muscle CONTRACTION occurs when

Ca++ enters the myofibers through slow channels

Which indicated an EKG with ventricular fibrullation? (images included)

D

Zobob committed suicide by taking an overdose of sleeping pills. When his body was found, he still held the bottle in his hand and the coroner could not pry open his hand. Why was his hand still holding the bottle? How long had it been since he died?

He was in rigor mortis due to lack of ATP. He had been dead between 3 and 12 hours.

Aldosterone

Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to?

Increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine

Place the following in the correct developmental sequence

Proerythroblast, late erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation.

Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.

Jane has a hemoglobin measurement of 10 g/100 ml blood. This is

abnormally low

The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is

above 60%

James has a hematocrit of 62% This is:

above normal

The neurotransmitter initiating a muscle action potential is

acetylcholine

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

an increased number of RBC's

Which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?

aorta

Pulse is measured in

arteries

The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the

artery

Which is a pharmaceutical anticoagulant that works by inhibiting thromboxane A2 formation by activated platelets?

aspirin

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

atrial depolarization

Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?

atrioventricular node

If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?

bilirubin

Which does NOT contain iron?

bilirubin

select the correct statement about blood flow...

blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

During the period of ventricular filling

blood flows from the atria and through the open AV valves

which provides a long term control for blood pressure?

blood volume and kidneys

Growth Hormone major targets

bones/skeletal

The dicrotic notch refers to the

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve

The dichotic notch refers to the?

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve

Stimulation of the heart by the vagus nerve causes the heart rate to

decrease

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes EXCEPT

decreased size of the heart muscle

Acetylcholine

decreases the heart rate

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ____ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae

depolarization

Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they

do not have mitochondria

A clot floating creely in an unbroken blood vessel is called a (n):

embolism

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

emotional state

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

endomysium

A heart beat is normally initiated when

enough Ca++ enters the cells of a sinoatrial node to reverse their reseting potentials

steroid hormones exert their action by

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering gene expression

Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are

erhtryocytes

When cardiac muscle cells die the result is

fibrosis

regulating hormones from the hypothalamus

first enter into the hypopyseal portal system

Which is the best definition of blood pressure?

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel

Which blood protein(s) serve as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?

gamma globulins

Heavy exercise causes skeletal muscles to use _____ primarily for their energy needs

glycogen

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of

glycoproteins

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are compromised of

glycoproteins

Which blood protein(s) carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

hemogoblin

Which of these is NOT a normal plasma protein?

hemogoblin

Which would be associated with prematurely ruptured erythrocytes?

hemolytic anemia

Myogoblin

holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells

Insulin is made in response to elevated blood glucose. This is ___ stimulation.

humoral

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from:

impaired delivery of oxygen

Input from sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to

increase

Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart rate to

increase

Input from the sympathetic nervous system causes the heart to

increase

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine

To increase BP when a low BP is detected the cardiovascular center of the medulla will cause which to occur?

increased CO, decreased vessel diameter

which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

increased tissue demand for oxygen

exercising returns more blood to the heart. Therefore, exercising causes ___ stroke volume and ____ heart contraction force

increased, increased

To lift a 50 lb, you use up ____ contraction; to hold it above your head you use an ____ contraction.

isotonic, isometric

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

it is about 90% water

During the period of ventricular filling,

it is represented by the P wave on the EKG

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure...?

it is the same as capillary blood pressure

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production

kidney

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood blood supply, damage would primarily result from _____

lack of oxygen in myofibers

An over-used muscle can feel sore the next day due to build up of

lactic acid

Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyretic acid is converted to

lactic acid

Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

lactic acid

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ____ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae.

latent

A muscle cell undergoing treppe is exhibiting ____ summation

temporal

A sustained and frequent muscle stimulus brings about

tetanus

A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about

tetanus

Which statement is true about an EKG?

the T wave indicates ventricular depolarization.

Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by

the amino acids of hemoglobin

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT

the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs.

People suffering from disorders preventing the absorption of fat from their intestines may suffer uncontrolled bleeding because

the fat soluble vitamin K cannot be absorbed, so levels of prothrombin and other clotting factors drop

If the vagus nerve of the heart were cut, the result would be?

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute