BIO 360 EXAM 1 SG (iClicker)

Cogbooks1.4 Cell SignalingTrue or False: Most cells express receptors for all hormones. A. True B. False

B. False

Calculate the equilibrium potential for Ca++if the concentration inside is 1 and the concentration outside is 100. log 100 = 2, log of 1/100 = -2, log of 1 = 0). A. 61 mvolts B. -61 mvolts C. 122 mvolts D. -30.5 mvolts

A. 61 mvolts

Choose the true statements about secondary active transport for glucose in the small intestine. A. A protein-mediated transporter binds both Na+and glucose in the digestive tract lumen. B. The transporter releases both Na+and glucose inside the cell after moving them across the intestinal membrane. C. This transport is active since glucose can move against its concentration gradient. D. The Na+-glucose transporter binds and cleaves ATP to drive this transport. E. Lack of ATP in the cell would block this transport.

A. A protein-mediated transporter binds both Na+and glucose in the digestive tract lumen. B. The transporter releases both Na+and glucose inside the cell after moving them across the intestinal membrane. C. This transport is active since glucose can move against its concentration gradient. E. Lack of ATP in the cell would block this transport.

Choose the true statements about cocaine. A. Cocaine causes an increase in dopamine signaling, which is sensed as a positive feeling. B. Long-term cocaine use leads to an increase receptors for dopamine.

A. Cocaine causes an increase in dopamine signaling, which is sensed as a positive feeling.

ANIMALS USE ENERGY TO DO WHAT TYPES OF WORK? A. Constructing large, complex molecules from smaller ones. B. Using oxygen to break down carbohydrates. C. Pumping molecules across membranes against their concentration gradient. D. Move molecules by diffusion down their concentration gradient. E. Muscular activity.

A. Constructing large, complex molecules from smaller ones.

Choose the correct match: A. Convergence: the brain receiving input from the ears, eyes and tongue. B. Divergence: membrane potentials become more negative.

A. Convergence: the brain receiving input from the ears, eyes and tongue.

Choose the correct statements about neuron structure. A. Dendrites are extensions of the neuron's cell body that received information. B. Most transcription in a neuron occurs in the cell body. C. Axons are nerves, that include many neurons. D. Sensory neurons usually have their cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.

A. Dendrites are extensions of the neuron's cell body that received information. B. Most transcription in a neuron occurs in the cell body. D. Sensory neurons usually have their cell bodies outside of the central nervous system.

During an action potential: A. Depolarization of the membrane potential to a threshold opens Na+channels, which respond quickly. B. Depolarization of the membrane potential to a threshold opens K+channels, which respond slowly. C. Membrane potential usually depolarizes to near +30 mV due to K+entering the cell. D. Membrane potential usually repolarizes to negative values, near -70 mV, due to Na+leaving the cell.

A. Depolarization of the membrane potential to a threshold opens Na+channels, which respond quickly. B. Depolarization of the membrane potential to a threshold opens K+channels, which respond slowly.

Choose the TRUE statements about synaptic function: A. Depolarization of the presynaptic axon causes voltage-gated Ca++channels to open. B. A rise in Ca++levels in the presynaptic cell causes neurotransmitter release. C. Presynaptic cells must absorb neurotransmitter for the signal to cross the synapse. D. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing a postsynaptic potential.

A. Depolarization of the presynaptic axon causes voltage-gated Ca++channels to open. B. A rise in Ca++levels in the presynaptic cell causes neurotransmitter release. D. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing a postsynaptic potential.

Choose the TRUE statement about endotherms (mammals and birds) compared to ectotherms (such as fish and reptiles) A. Endotherms can be active at a wider range of air temperatures. B. Ectotherms use more energy per gram. C. Endotherms have more mitochondria in their cells. D. Hearts of endotherms pump more blood per gram.

A. Endotherms can be active at a wider range of air temperatures. C. Endotherms have more mitochondria in their cells. D. Hearts of endotherms pump more blood per gram.

Choose the TRUE statements about catabolizing fat A. Fats are often stored as triglycerides in animals. B. Catabolism of fatty acids produces pyruvate. C. Catabolism of fatty acids produces acetylCOA. D. Catabolism of fats produces less energy (ATP) per gram that catabolism of carbohydrates. E. Fat can only be burned if oxygen is present.

A. Fats are often stored as triglycerides in animals. C. Catabolism of fatty acids produces acetylCOA. E. Fat can only be burned if oxygen is present.

Choose the TRUE statements about glycolysis A. Glycolysis is an ancient sequence of enzymes, found in bacteria and almost all animals. B. Glycolysis requires oxygen to work. C. Glycolysis uses glucose and NAD as inputs and has pyruvate and NADH as outputs if oxygen is present. D. Glycolysis can produce 2 ATPs per glucose. E. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

A. Glycolysis is an ancient sequence of enzymes, found in bacteria and almost all animals. C. Glycolysis uses glucose and NAD as inputs and has pyruvate and NADH as outputs if oxygen is present. D. Glycolysis can produce 2 ATPs per glucose.

WHICH OF THESE ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS? A. Heterotrophic B. Have fur C. Multicellular D. Develop from embryonic germ layers E. Have organelles

A. Heterotrophic C. Multicellular D. Develop from embryonic germ layers E. Have organelles

WHICH OF THESE IS AN ANIMAL? A. Humans B. Dogs C. Insects D. Jellyfish E. Bacteria

A. Humans B. Dogs C. Insects D. Jellyfish

Choose the TRUE statements about oxidative phosphorylation A. Inputs include NADH and O2. B. Outputs include ADP and CO2. C. This occurs in the membranes of the mitochondria.

A. Inputs include NADH and O2. C. This occurs in the membranes of the mitochondria.

Choose the TRUE statements about the Krebs cycle. A. Inputs include acetyl COA (produced from pyruvate) and NAD B. The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm. C. Outputs include CO2and NADH D. If there is no oxygen present, the Krebs cycle will not operate.

A. Inputs include acetyl COA (produced from pyruvate) and NAD C. Outputs include CO2and NADH D. If there is no oxygen present, the Krebs cycle will not operate.

Which statements are true about ion channels? A. Ion channels are proteins located in cell membranes. B. Ion channels contain a passageway through which ions can move. C. Most ion channels will allow all ions to pass through them. D. Ion channels can be open or closed. E. Ion channels saturate (above some concentration gradient for the ion, transport cannot be increased)

A. Ion channels are proteins located in cell membranes. B. Ion channels contain a passageway through which ions can move. D. Ion channels can be open or closed.

In a normal mammalian cell, if a K+channel is open.... A. K+will move out of the cell, down its concentration gradient. B. As K+leaves the cell, the inside of the cell becomes negative. C. Negativity inside the cell attracts K+into the cell. D. If the inside of the cell becomes sufficiently negative, no net movement of K+across the membrane will occur.

A. K+will move out of the cell, down its concentration gradient. B. As K+leaves the cell, the inside of the cell becomes negative. C. Negativity inside the cell attracts K+into the cell. D. If the inside of the cell becomes sufficiently negative, no net movement of K+across the membrane will occur.

Which of these are true about evolution by natural selection?A. Mutations and other chance processes lead to variation in DNA, which can be inherited. B. As organisms try to adapt to the environment, they evolve. C. In some cases, variation in DNA is associated with variation in survival or reproduction. D. Differential survival and reproduction of organisms differing in heritable DNA lead to changes in the DNA of populations over generations. E. All traits of animals are adaptations.

A. Mutations and other chance processes lead to variation in DNA, which can be inherited. C. In some cases, variation in DNA is associated with variation in survival or reproduction. D. Differential survival and reproduction of organisms differing in heritable DNA lead to changes in the DNA of populations over generations.

Cogbooks2.2: Action Potentials and Synapses If a chemical messenger binds to a receptor on a neuron, opening an ion channel, opening of which type of channel would tend to depolarize the cell? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca++ D. Cl-

A. Na+ C. Ca++

Choose the true statements about ion distributions for a healthy mammalian cell. A. Na+is much higher on the outside than the inside (about 145 vs 15 mmol/liter). B. K+is much higher on the inside than the outside (about 150 vs. 5 mmol/liter). C. The Na+/K+ATPase pumps Na+in and K+out.

A. Na+is much higher on the outside than the inside (about 145 vs 15 mmol/liter). B. K+is much higher on the inside than the outside (about 150 vs. 5 mmol/liter).

The somatic motor system: A. Only has cell bodies in the central nervous system. B. Only stimulates muscle. C. Only excites target cells. D. Usually has two neurons between the central nervous system and the target cell.

A. Only has cell bodies in the central nervous system. B. Only stimulates muscle. C. Only excites target cells.

Which are components of the efferent nervous system? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Motor neurons C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Optic nerve

A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Motor neurons C. Sympathetic nervous system

Choose the TRUE statements about protein catabolism A. Removal of NH3from amino acids (deamination) usually produces a carbohydrate (keto acid). B. In most mammals, the toxic NH3that is produced by deamination is mostly converted to less toxic urea. C. Proteins can NOTbe converted by the body to lipids.

A. Removal of NH3from amino acids (deamination) usually produces a carbohydrate (keto acid). B. In most mammals, the toxic NH3that is produced by deamination is mostly converted to less toxic urea.

Choose the true statements about how body size affects physiology. A. Smaller animals consume more oxygen per gram. B. Larger animals eat more food per gram. C. Small animals usually live longer. D. The hearts of smaller animals pump more blood per gram.

A. Smaller animals consume more oxygen per gram. C. Small animals usually live longer. D. The hearts of smaller animals pump more blood per gram.

Choose the true statements: A. Spatial summation occurs when two presynaptic neurons for the same postsynaptic cell fire at the same time. B. Temporal summation occurs when presynaptic neurons fire near-simultaneously. C. Adding together an IPSP and an EPSP produces an IPSP. D. Opening of Cl-channels causes an EPSP. E. Spatial summation is an example of convergence.

A. Spatial summation occurs when two presynaptic neurons for the same postsynaptic cell fire at the same time. B. Temporal summation occurs when presynaptic neurons fire near-simultaneously. E. Spatial summation is an example of convergence.

Choose the TRUE statements about synapses. A. Synapses often are the site of communication between two neurons. B. The presynaptic membrane at a synapse is usually the site as which a neurotransmitter is released. C. The postsynaptic membrane is usually the site at which a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor. D. Most neurons only have one synapse.

A. Synapses often are the site of communication between two neurons. B. The presynaptic membrane at a synapse is usually the site as which a neurotransmitter is released. C. The postsynaptic membrane is usually the site at which a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor.

The parasympathetic nervous system: A. Targets many organs of the body, and is generally not under conscious control. B. Often secretes acetylcholine on target tissues. C. Tends to slow down heart rate. D. Stimulates activity of the digestive tract.

A. Targets many organs of the body, and is generally not under conscious control. B. Often secretes acetylcholine on target tissues. C. Tends to slow down heart rate. D. Stimulates activity of the digestive tract.

The sympathetic nervous system: A. Targets many organs of the body, and is generally not under conscious control. B. Stimulates the digestive tract. C. The preganglionic cells secrete acetylcholine. D. Tends to speed up heart rate.

A. Targets many organs of the body, and is generally not under conscious control. C. The preganglionic cells secrete acetylcholine. D. Tends to speed up heart rate.

Cogbooks1.5. Evolution and Disease Effects on Metabolism and Membranes What are some consequences of depriving cells of oxygen (as can occur during a heart attack or stroke)? A. The Na+/K+ATPase pump will be inhibited, leading to changes in the Na+and K+concentrations inside cells. B. Reactive oxygen species that can damage tissues are often formed. C. Proteins are denatured. D. ATP production is completely stopped.

A. The Na+/K+ATPase pump will be inhibited, leading to changes in the Na+and K+concentrations inside cells. B. Reactive oxygen species that can damage tissues are often formed. C. Proteins are denatured.

Choose the correct statements concerning the ATP cycle of animals A. The body needs to continuously produce ATP because there is only enough ATP for a few seconds of life. B. ATP is mostly produced in the cytoplasm. C. ATP is required to synthesize complex molecules from simple molecules (e.g. DNA from nucleotides) D. Production of ATP requires fuel.

A. The body needs to continuously produce ATP because there is only enough ATP for a few seconds of life.C. ATP is required to synthesize complex molecules from simple molecules (e.g. DNA from nucleotides)D. Production of ATP requires fuel.

How does the structure of ATP match with its function? A. The bond between ADP and P to make ATP requires lots of energy to form, and releases lots of energy when broken, making it good for storing energy. B. Phosphates have multiple negative charges, which cause them to be attracted to mitochondria. C. ATP is lipid-soluble so it can easily pass through membranes.

A. The bond between ADP and P to make ATP requires lots of energy to form, and releases lots of energy when broken, making it good for storing energy.

The central nervous system includes: A. The brain. B. The spinal cord. C. Sensory neurons in the foot. D. Sensory neurons in the gut.

A. The brain. B. The spinal cord.

THE SPEED OF AN ENZYMATIC REACTION IN THE BODY CAN OFTEN BE AFFECTED BY: A. The concentration of the enzyme. B. Allosteric modification of an enzyme (as by Ca++ or ATP) C. Covalent modification of an enzyme (as by phosphate). D. The concentration of substrate and product.

A. The concentration of the enzyme. B. Allosteric modification of an enzyme (as by Ca++ or ATP) C. Covalent modification of an enzyme (as by phosphate). D. The concentration of substrate and product.

The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation states that: A. The membrane potential depends on the concentration gradient for each ion and the permeability for each ion, with effects of the individual ions summed. B. The equilibrium potential for each ion depends on the concentration gradient for that ion. C. The membrane potential depends on the concentration gradient times the permeability for that ion, with effects of individual ions multiplied. D. The membrane potential can be calculated from the concentration gradient for all relevant ions.

A. The membrane potential depends on the concentration gradient for each ion and the permeability for each ion, with effects of the individual ions summed.

What responses of a presynaptic neuron would weaken synaptic transmission? A. The presynaptic neuron could reduce transcription of the neurotransmitter in the presynapaticneuron. B. The presynaptic neuron could reduce the number of Ca++channels that open in response to an action potential. C. The presynaptic cell could hyperpolarize. D. The presynaptic cell could transport more neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic cell.

A. The presynaptic neuron could reduce transcription of the neurotransmitter in the presynapaticneuron. B. The presynaptic neuron could reduce the number of Ca++channels that open in response to an action potential. C. The presynaptic cell could hyperpolarize. D. The presynaptic cell could transport more neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic cell.

Evidence that K+movement through a channel is responsible for much of the resting membrane potential includes: A. The resting membrane potential is relatively close to the equilibrium potential for K+. B. Studies have shown that many K+channels are open when most cells are at rest. C. Raising K+levels outside the cell cause the membrane potential to become more negative. D. Raising Na+levels outside the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative.

A. The resting membrane potential is relatively close to the equilibrium potential for K+. B. Studies have shown that many K+channels are open when most cells are at rest.

WHICH OF THESE IS AN EXAMPLE OF STRUCTURE MATCHING FUNCTION IN PHYSIOLOGY? A. The shape of a protein's active site partly determines what it will bind. B. The extensive folding of the intestine wall increases surface area, aiding absorption of nutrients. C. Higher concentrations of substrate cause an enzyme to run faster. D. Low calorie intake can cause weight reduction.

A. The shape of a protein's active site partly determines what it will bind. B. The extensive folding of the intestine wall increases surface area, aiding absorption of nutrients.

Information on the intensity of the stimulus is coded in: A. The size of the receptor potential. B. The size of the action potentials. C. The frequency of action potentials. D. The quantity of neurotransmitter secreted by the sensory neuron.

A. The size of the receptor potential. C. The frequency of action potentials. D. The quantity of neurotransmitter secreted by the sensory neuron.

Choose the true statements: A. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are usually antagonistic in their control of target organs. B. The sympathetic nervous system is usually stimulatory while the parasympathetic nervous system is usually inhibitory. C. Nicotine can stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are usually antagonistic in their control of target organs. C. Nicotine can stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Choose the true statements about water-soluble chemical messengers. A. These usually bind to receptors on the cell membrane. B. Steroid hormones are an example. C. Binding of the messenger to the receptor often causes a change in a second messenger inside the cell. D. These can diffuse through the membrane.

A. These usually bind to receptors on the cell membrane. C. Binding of the messenger to the receptor often causes a change in a second messenger inside the cell.

True or False: Strengthening or weakening a synapse in response to experience can be a mechanism of learning. A. True B. False

A. True

But first....Choose the true statements about osmosis. A. Water moves from high concentration to low, similar to diffusion. B. Water moves from where solute concentrations are high to where solute concentrations are low. C. Distilled water is hypo-osmotic compared to blood. D. A one molar NaCl solution is two osmolar.

A. Water moves from high concentration to low, similar to diffusion. C. Distilled water is hypo-osmotic compared to blood. D. A one molar NaCl solution is two osmolar.

Calculate the equilibrium potential for Cl-if the concentration inside is 10 and the concentration outside is 100. log 10 = 1, log of 1/10 = -1, log of 1 = 0). A. 61 mvolts B. -61 mvolts C. 0 mvolts D. 122 mvolts

B. -61 mvolts

Calculate the equilibrium potential for K+if the concentration is 100 mmol/liter on the inside and 10 mmol/liter on the outside (log of 10 = 1, log of 1/10 = -1, log of 1 = 0) A. 61 mvolts B. -61 mvolts C. 0 mvolts D. 610 mvolts

B. -61 mvolts

Insects such as fruitfliesare able to survive hours without oxygen by: A. Producing enough lactate that their ATP levels stay high. B. Accumulating molecules such as sugars that prevent protein denaturation. C. Stopping the leak of K+out of their cells.

B. Accumulating molecules such as sugars that prevent protein denaturation.

Crucian carp are able to survive and even swim in winter without oxygen for months because: A. They don't need ATP. B. Because their bodies are very cold, ions diffuse across membranes slowly so their Na+/K+ATPase pumps don't need to pump very fast. C. They produce ethanol from glycolysis and the ethanol can diffuse across their gills, out of the body. D. They can use sulfur to run oxidative phosphorylation. E. They are able to match ATP production to need, keeping ATP levels high.

B. Because their bodies are very cold, ions diffuse across membranes slowly so their Na+/K+ATPase pumps don't need to pump very fast. C. They produce ethanol from glycolysis and the ethanol can diffuse across their gills, out of the body. E. They are able to match ATP production to need, keeping ATP levels high.

Which of these are types of neurotransmitters or neuromodulator chemicals in animals? A. Sodium B. Biogenic amines such as norepinephrine. C. Amino acids such as glutamate D. ATPBiogenic amines such as norepinephrine.

B. Biogenic amines such as norepinephrine. C. Amino acids such as glutamate D. ATPBiogenic amines such as norepinephrine.

What is the best definition of evolution? A. Species transform into other species. B. Changes in inherited gene frequencies in populations (or larger groups) over generations. C. Individuals change in phenotype and transcribed genes over time. D. Survival of the fittest.

B. Changes in inherited gene frequencies in populations (or larger groups) over generations.

Select the true statement about convergent evolution. A. When closely-related animals have very similar traits, this is due to convergent evolution. B. Convergent evolution likely occurred when animals have very similar traits despite having ancestors that lacked that trait. C. Molluscshave pupils, lenses and retina that appear similar to those in vertebrate eyes.

B. Convergent evolution likely occurred when animals have very similar traits despite having ancestors that lacked that trait. C. Molluscshave pupils, lenses and retina that appear similar to those in vertebrate eyes.

Lipid-soluble hormones usually: A. Bind to receptors on membranes. B. Diffuse into the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. C. Act to change transcription and translation. D. Tend to be longer-acting than water-soluble hormones.

B. Diffuse into the cell and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. C. Act to change transcription and translation. D. Tend to be longer-acting than water-soluble hormones.

Which statement is true about diffusion? A. Diffusion requires ATP B. Diffusion occurs when a molecule is at high concentration at one location and low concentration at another. C. Diffusion occurs because molecules move randomly due to their kinetic energy. D. Polar molecules like Na+can diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a membrane.

B. Diffusion occurs when a molecule is at high concentration at one location and low concentration at another. C. Diffusion occurs because molecules move randomly due to their kinetic energy.

Choose the true statements about neuronal growth. A. All neurons are formed before birth. B. Generally, axons in the peripheral but not central nervous system can regenerate. C. A significant fraction of neurons die (through apoptosis) in the first years of human life. D. All synapses are formed before birth.

B. Generally, axons in the peripheral but not central nervous system can regenerate. C. A significant fraction of neurons die (through apoptosis) in the first years of human life.

A high-affinity receptor: A. Can only bind its substrate when the substrate is at high concentration. B. Is capable of binding its substrate when the substrate is at low concentration.

B. Is capable of binding its substrate when the substrate is at low concentration.

If oxygen is not present: A. Pyruvate is consumed rapidly by the mitochondria. B. Pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol. C. Conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces NADH. D. No ATP can be produced.

B. Pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol.

Which of these evolutionary patterns is generally found in morphology and physiology? A. Animals as diverse as insects, sponges and humans have very few genes and enzymes in common. B. Related species are usually but not always more similar to each other in morphology and physiology. C. Structures are sometimes used for different purposes in different lineages. D. Species that appear transitional between lineages such as birds and reptiles do not appear in the fossil record.

B. Related species are usually but not always more similar to each other in morphology and physiology. C. Structures are sometimes used for different purposes in different lineages.

Choose the true statement about glial cells. A. Glial cells are considered neurons. B. Some glial cells provide nutrients to neurons. C. Some glial cells form the myelin sheath around axons. D. Some glial cells have an immune function. E. Some glial cells form the blood-brain barrier.

B. Some glial cells provide nutrients to neurons. C. Some glial cells form the myelin sheath around axons. D. Some glial cells have an immune function. E. Some glial cells form the blood-brain barrier.

WHICH OF THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY? A. Solar radiation warms the skin and body. B. The nervous system controls hand movements. C. Hormones from the pituitary affect renal function. D. The digestive system secretes digestive enzymes.

B. The nervous system controls hand movements. C. Hormones from the pituitary affect renal function.

Choose the TRUE statements about graded potentials. A. These always depolarize neurons. B. The voltage change decreases with distance. C. They are all-or-none. D. A hyper-polarizing (more negative) potential can be caused by opening a K+channel.

B. The voltage change decreases with distance. D. A hyper-polarizing (more negative) potential can be caused by opening a K+channel.

Choose the TRUE statements about action potential propagation. A. The magnitude of the action potential gets smaller with distance. B. There are voltage-gated Na+channels all along the axon. C. Myelin allows faster propagation of the action potential down the axon.

B. There are voltage-gated Na+channels all along the axon. C. Myelin allows faster propagation of the action potential down the axon.

Choose the true statements about protein-mediated transporters. A. These bind and transport nonpolar molecules. B. These saturate (above some concentration gradient, transport rate cannot be increased). C. These have high specificity for particular substrates.

B. These saturate (above some concentration gradient, transport rate cannot be increased). C. These have high specificity for particular substrates.

Choose the true statements about the Na+/K+ ATPase. A. This protein moves Na+from the outside to the inside of the cell. B. This protein moves K+from the outside to the inside of the cell. C. This protein uses the energy of ATP to pump both Na+and K+against their concentration gradients. D. This protein pumps 3 Na+for every 2 K+.

B. This protein moves K+from the outside to the inside of the cell. C. This protein uses the energy of ATP to pump both Na+and K+against their concentration gradients. D. This protein pumps 3 Na+for every 2 K+.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE OF INFORMATION FLOW? A. Breakdown of glycogen into carbohydrates. B. Transcription of a gene to mRNA, followed by translation to produce a protein. C. A brain center determines the set point for body temperature, and regulates body organs to achieve a near-constant body temperature. D. A sensor-neuron measures body temperature.

B. Transcription of a gene to mRNA, followed by translation to produce a protein. C. A brain center determines the set point for body

The information in the homeostatic control system for body temperature is likely in the: A. sweat glands B. brain C. shivering muscles D. blood vessels

B. brain

Hormones can have strong effects on cells at very low concentrations because: A. Hormones contain lots of energy. B. Hormones are important fuels for making ATP. C. A single hormone molecule can activate many proteins through signal amplification. D. Receptors for hormones are often high-affinity receptors.

C. A single hormone molecule can activate many proteins through signal amplification. D. Receptors for hormones are often high-affinity receptors.

Choose the true statements: A. The ventral root of the spinal cord carries sensory information. B. The spinal cord contains only white matter. C. Cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are located in the peripheral nervous system. D. Some of the nerves of the autonomic nervous system go through the spinal cord.

C. Cell bodies of the somatic nervous system are located in the peripheral nervous system. D. Some of the nerves of the autonomic nervous system go through the spinal cord.

Which of these is the correct version of the Nernst equation? (z = valence or charge of ion) A. Eion= 61/z * (concentration on the outside/concentration on the inside) B. Eion= 61 * log (concentration on the inside/concentration on the outside) C. Eion= 61/z * log(concentration on the outside/concentration on the inside) D. Eion= z * 61 * ln(concentration on the inside/concentration on the outside)

C. Eion= 61/z * log(concentration on the outside/concentration on the inside)

Choose the correct match: A. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): all-or-none depolarization. B. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP): can be caused by opening of Ca++channels. C. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): can be caused by opening of Na+channels

C. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP): can be caused by opening of Na+channels

If all K+was removed from the fluid bathing a neuron: A. Neurons could not depolarize. B. Neurons could not repolarize. C. Neuron function would be mostly unaffected (action potential could still occur).

C. Neuron function would be mostly unaffected (action potential could still occur).

Choose the true statements: A. Grey matter is mostly composed of axons. B. The occipital lobe is the location where hearing is processed. C. The hypothalamus is involved in temperature regulation. D. Ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. E. The cerebellum is the location where vision is processed.

C. The hypothalamus is involved in temperature regulation. D. Ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Cogbooks 1.3 Membranes Which of these molecules is classified as nonpolar? A. Na+ B. Glucose C. fat (triglyceride) D. steroid hormone E. O2

C. fat (triglyceride) D. steroid hormone E. O2

Which of these is Fick's equation, describing the rate of diffusion of a molecule across a membrane? A. Diffusive flux = Permeability * area * outside concentration B. Diffusive flux = Area / (Permeability * concentration gradient) C. Diffusive flux = membrane thickness * Permeability * Inside concentration D. Diffusive flux = Permeability * area * concentration gradient

D. Diffusive flux = Permeability * area * concentration gradient

Which is the correct version of Ohm's law? A. V = IR2(volts = current times resistance2) B. VI = R (volts times current = resistance) C. VR = I (volts times resistance equals current) D. I = V/R (current equals voltage divided by resistance)

D. I = V/R (current equals voltage divided by resistance)

The Nernst equation tells us: A. The resting membrane potential. B. The concentration gradient for an ion. C. The electrical force created by two ions. D. The electrical force necessary to balance the concentration gradient for an ion.

D. The electrical force necessary to balance the concentration gradient for an ion.

Choose the TRUE statements about normal resting potentials. A. In most cells, the membrane is positively charged on the inside compared to outside. B. In most cells, electrical charges are primarily carried in the form of electrons. C. Membrane potentials can be measured by putting two electrodes outside of the cell.

None

Pain sensory neurons: A. Respond to damage B. Respond to pressure C. Respond to inflammatory chemicals D. Have synapses in the central nervous system that are blocked by opioids.

Pain sensory neurons: A. Respond to damage B. Respond to pressure C. Respond to inflammatory chemicals D. Have synapses in the central nervous system that are blocked by opioids.

TRUE OR FALSE: ANIMALS CONSUME PROTEINS IN OTHER ORGANISMS, AND TRANSFORM MANY OF THEM INTO NEW ANIMAL PROTEINS.

True