BIO ch. 12
_______ is defined as the use of living organisms to perform a task that benefits humans and other living organisms.
biotechnology
Which of the following are similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?
both are types of proteins both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand
Select the choices indicating similarities between RNA and DNA.
both contain 4 types of nucleotide basses,both are nucleic acids, both are polymers of nucleotides
An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication ___
bubble
The complex formed by DNA and its associated proteins is called a
chromatin
An anticodon is the compliment of the _____
codon
The protein responsible for coiling of the DNA molecule in eukaryotes is called
histone
Nucleotides contain all of the following except
histones
The two strands of nucleotides in a DNA molecule are held together by
hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
What type of RNA is needed to begin translation?
initiator tRNA
Which of the following would contain the most nucleotide bases, if all from the same eukaryotic gene?
introns + exons
Which of the following are post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA?
introns are removed a poly-A tail is added Addition of a 5' cap
Ethanol is used in the DNA isolation process because
it allows the precipitate to form.
Detergent is used in the DNA isolation process because
it facilitates homogenization.
DNA replication is considered semiconservative because
it uses the original strand as a template for replication.
Directly after eukaryotic transcription, ________ molecules are processed.
mRNA
Which of the following are types of RNA?
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
rRNA strands are transcribed from a template strand of DNA found in the _____.
nucleolus
The building blocks of DNA are
nucleotides
RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase: Multiple select question.
nucleotides are added to the 3' end nucleotides are joined together a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction
Where would the majority of the DNA be located within a eukaryotic cell?
nucleus
Taking pre-mRNA and changing it to a final mRNA transcript requires multiple steps of RNA ________ , like removal of introns.
processing
Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
prokaryotes have only one origin of replication the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome
In the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either
proteins or DNA
Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called
pyrimidines
The major types of RNA are tRNA, mRNA and
rRNA
An experiment was performed that demonstrated that the addition of a protein-degrading enzyme did not prevent transformation. This finding
rejects Hypothesis I only.
Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA?
remove noncoding regions facilitate transport out of the nucleus protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes
The process of copying a DNA molecule so that there are two copies of the same DNA is called DNA
replication
In the DNA isolation process, the filtrate and reagents are kept in an ice bath because cold temperatures are required to
stabilize DNA
During translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the _____.
start codon
During the final stage of translation, a release factor binds to
stop codon
An experiment was performed in which DNAase enzyme digestion prevented transformation. This finding
supports Hypothesis III.
An experiment was performed that demonstrated that DNA extracted from the S strain bacteria transformed R strain bacteria. This finding
supports Hypothesis III.
How many binding sites for tRNA are found on a ribosome?
three
The process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called
transcription
For a protein, gene expression requires _______ In the nucleus and __________ at ribosome to take place.
transcription and translation
What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?
transcription from DNA
What determines the sequence of an rRNA strand?
transcription from DNA template
List the sequential steps of DNA replication in prokaryotes. Place the 1st step at the top of the list.
1. The double helix is separated and unwound 2. DNA polymerases begins the copying process
Place these steps in DNA replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top.
1. Unwinding the DNA double helix 2. Complementary base pairing 3. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
A codon is composed of ____ nucleotides
3
DNA nucleotides come in ________ different varieties.
4
Which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene?
A post-modification mRNA transcript
Using the correct base pairing rules for DNA replication, what would be the complementary strand for the strand TACCGATGC?
ATGGCTACG
What would the mRNA transcript's sequence be if a section of the DNA strand contained the sequence TATGCCCG
AUACGGGC
In DNA replication, _______________________ pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with _______________________.
Adenine and Guanine
The two purines bases in DNA are:
Adenine and Guanine
Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true?
All of the above statements are true.
Incorporating new nucleotides into DNA can provide it with the ability to code for a greater number of
Amino acids
What is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of thymines?
Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA
Why would the number of guanines in an organism's DNA be equal to its number of cytosines?
Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA
Which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?
Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction Both are semi conservative Both involve DNA polymerase Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule
A three-nucleotide sequence, in mRNA, that codes for a particular amino acid is called a
Codon
During the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material?
DNA and protein
Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?
DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.
The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called _____
DNA replication
DNA was shown to be the transforming substance when only the _____ enzymes could inhibit transformation.
DNAase
Which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?
Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA Deduced the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid
The polypeptide increases in size once amino acid at a time during the phase of translation called
Elongation
Translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide during the _____ phase.
Elongation
Which of the following are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes?
Exit Peptide Amino Acid
True or false: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase.
False
Scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. When they found it, they called it the:
Genetic code
The three, major steps of translation (in order) are __________ , _________ , and __________.
Initiation, elongation, and termination
Which of the following amino acid chains would be produced from the mRNA sequence AUA-CUU-CCU-AGU-UGA?
Isoleucine - leucine- proline- serine- stop
Why is bromophenol blue added to the individual DNA samples?
It allows the observer to view how far the DNA samples travel.
Which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation?
Large ribosomal subunit Messenger RNA Small ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA
biotechnology company named Synthorax has expanded the genetic alphabet by creating two new forms of ______ called X and Y.
Nucleotides
Select the choices indicating differences between RNA and DNA.
Only RNA contains the base "Uracil" DNA is a double helix but RNA is single stranded Only RNA contains the sugar "ribose"
During the termination stage of translation a completed ______ is released.
Polypeptide
A triplet code for amino acids is made up of __
RNA nucleotides
A triplet code for amino acids is made up of _____
RNA nucleotides
What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new RNA molecule through nucleotide binding?
RNA polymerase
Transcription begins when
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence
pre-mRNA
RNA that ain't been processed yet
Introns
RNA that will be removed before translation
Exons
RNA that will be used for translation
There is a point on a replicating prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA strand at which separation of the strands occurs to allow for enzyme activity. What is it called?
Replication fork
Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct?
Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.
Who contributed to the determination of the shape of the DNA molecule through x-ray crystallography?
Rosalind Franklin
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the debate over the nature of genetic material?
Scientists focused on carbohydrate and protein in their studies of possible genetic material since they knew that genes were on chromosomes and that chromosomes were made of carbohydrate and protein.
How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?
Small fragments travel farther than large fragments.
The codon near which the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the ________ codon.
Start
To end translation a release factor binds to a ______ codon.
Stop
Which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking?
Storage of genetic information, able to undergo mutations, and a stable molecule.
If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAG-CAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences?
TTC-GTT
A completed polypeptide is released during the phase of translation called
Termination
What is DNA isolation?
The extraction of DNA from viruses or cells.
Initiation occurs prior to elongation, both are part of the process of
Translation
The process which uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize proteins is called
Translation
Because a set of three nucleotide bases called a codon codes for a particular amino acid, the genetic code is said to be a _______ code.
Triplet
True or false: DNA can store information, can be replicated and can undergo rare changes.
True
True or false: Prokaryotic DNA replication can occur either unidirectionally or bidirectionally.
True
If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be
UUACGGGC
The first codon to be deciphered was _____, which codes for _____.
UUU, phenylalanine
Which of the following are steps in DNA replication?
Unwinding the DNA double helix Complementary base pairing Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand
The two pyrimidine bases are:
Cytosine and Thymine
James Watson and Francis Crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as
DNA
Which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA is found in
all cells
For genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _______________ in a protein.
amino acids
During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)
anticodon
In an experiment, neither heat-killed R strain nor heat-killed S strain killed the mice. This finding
does not support or provide information to reject any of these hypotheses.
Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n)
double helix
The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called
exons
Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein-coding regions?
exons
The production and usage of a gene's product is called gene
expression
Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA? Multiple select question.
facilitate transport out of the nucleus remove noncoding regions protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes
Which of the following are components of a nucleotide?
five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Scientists have created genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by isolating and then transferring the jellyfish gene for green fluorescent protein into pigs, bacteria, plants, and mice. The result was bioluminescent organisms! These experiments demonstrate that
genes have no difficulty crossing the species barrier.
Based on your understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology, match the following processes with the correct description.
transcription ———-> DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. translation ———-> RNA is used to produce protein. Replication ———> DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA.
Polypeptides are created during which process?
translation