BIO ch. 12

_______ is defined as the use of living organisms to perform a task that benefits humans and other living organisms.

biotechnology

Which of the following are similarities between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase?

both are types of proteins both add nucleotides to the 3' end of the new strand

Select the choices indicating similarities between RNA and DNA.

both contain 4 types of nucleotide basses,both are nucleic acids, both are polymers of nucleotides

An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication is called a replication ___

bubble

The complex formed by DNA and its associated proteins is called a

chromatin

An anticodon is the compliment of the _____

codon

The protein responsible for coiling of the DNA molecule in eukaryotes is called

histone

Nucleotides contain all of the following except

histones

The two strands of nucleotides in a DNA molecule are held together by

hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases

What type of RNA is needed to begin translation?

initiator tRNA

Which of the following would contain the most nucleotide bases, if all from the same eukaryotic gene?

introns + exons

Which of the following are post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA?

introns are removed a poly-A tail is added Addition of a 5' cap

Ethanol is used in the DNA isolation process because

it allows the precipitate to form.

Detergent is used in the DNA isolation process because

it facilitates homogenization.

DNA replication is considered semiconservative because

it uses the original strand as a template for replication.

Directly after eukaryotic transcription, ________ molecules are processed.

mRNA

Which of the following are types of RNA?

messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

rRNA strands are transcribed from a template strand of DNA found in the _____.

nucleolus

The building blocks of DNA are

nucleotides

RNA polymerase has all the following in common with DNA polymerase: Multiple select question.

nucleotides are added to the 3' end nucleotides are joined together a growing strand runs in a 5' to 3' direction

Where would the majority of the DNA be located within a eukaryotic cell?

nucleus

Taking pre-mRNA and changing it to a final mRNA transcript requires multiple steps of RNA ________ , like removal of introns.

processing

Which of the following are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

prokaryotes have only one origin of replication the prokaryotic genome is replicated much faster than the eukaryotic genome

In the 1940s, scientists had concluded that the genetic material was most likely either

proteins or DNA

Thymine and cytosine are nitrogen-containing bases called

pyrimidines

The major types of RNA are tRNA, mRNA and

rRNA

An experiment was performed that demonstrated that the addition of a protein-degrading enzyme did not prevent transformation. This finding

rejects Hypothesis I only.

Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA?

remove noncoding regions facilitate transport out of the nucleus protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes

The process of copying a DNA molecule so that there are two copies of the same DNA is called DNA

replication

In the DNA isolation process, the filtrate and reagents are kept in an ice bath because cold temperatures are required to

stabilize DNA

During translation initiation, the small ribosomal subunit and initiator tRNA attach in the vicinity of the _____.

start codon

During the final stage of translation, a release factor binds to

stop codon

An experiment was performed in which DNAase enzyme digestion prevented transformation. This finding

supports Hypothesis III.

An experiment was performed that demonstrated that DNA extracted from the S strain bacteria transformed R strain bacteria. This finding

supports Hypothesis III.

How many binding sites for tRNA are found on a ribosome?

three

The process of synthesizing an RNA strand from a DNA template strand is called

transcription

For a protein, gene expression requires _______ In the nucleus and __________ at ribosome to take place.

transcription and translation

What is the source of particular sequences of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA?

transcription from DNA

What determines the sequence of an rRNA strand?

transcription from DNA template

List the sequential steps of DNA replication in prokaryotes. Place the 1st step at the top of the list.

1. The double helix is separated and unwound 2. DNA polymerases begins the copying process

Place these steps in DNA replication in the correct sequence beginning with the first step at the top.

1. Unwinding the DNA double helix 2. Complementary base pairing 3. Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

A codon is composed of ____ nucleotides

3

DNA nucleotides come in ________ different varieties.

4

Which of the following would contain the fewest base pairs, if starting with the same size eukaryotic gene?

A post-modification mRNA transcript

Using the correct base pairing rules for DNA replication, what would be the complementary strand for the strand TACCGATGC?

ATGGCTACG

What would the mRNA transcript's sequence be if a section of the DNA strand contained the sequence TATGCCCG

AUACGGGC

In DNA replication, _______________________ pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with _______________________.

Adenine and Guanine

The two purines bases in DNA are:

Adenine and Guanine

Which of the following statements concerning ribosomes are true?

All of the above statements are true.

Incorporating new nucleotides into DNA can provide it with the ability to code for a greater number of

Amino acids

What is the best explanation as to why the number of adenines in an organism's DNA is equal to its number of thymines?

Because adenine pairs with thymine in DNA

Why would the number of guanines in an organism's DNA be equal to its number of cytosines?

Because cytosine pairs with guanine in DNA

Which of the following are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication?

Both happen from the 5' to 3' direction Both are semi conservative Both involve DNA polymerase Both result in 2 copies from one parent molecule

A three-nucleotide sequence, in mRNA, that codes for a particular amino acid is called a

Codon

During the 1940s, scientists considered what two molecules most likely to be genetic material?

DNA and protein

Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the gel chamber?

DNA has a negative charge and is attracted by the positive side.

The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called _____

DNA replication

DNA was shown to be the transforming substance when only the _____ enzymes could inhibit transformation.

DNAase

Which of the following were direct contributions of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

Determined that nucleotides were paired inside the double helix Determined that sugars and phosphates formed backbones in the DNA Deduced the double helix shape of deoxyribonucleic acid

The polypeptide increases in size once amino acid at a time during the phase of translation called

Elongation

Translation allows additional amino acids to be added to the growing polypeptide during the _____ phase.

Elongation

Which of the following are the tRNA binding sites on ribosomes?

Exit Peptide Amino Acid

True or false: DNA polymerase is used during transcription along with RNA polymerase.

False

Scientists were searching for the source of biological information about inheritance and development. When they found it, they called it the:

Genetic code

The three, major steps of translation (in order) are __________ , _________ , and __________.

Initiation, elongation, and termination

Which of the following amino acid chains would be produced from the mRNA sequence AUA-CUU-CCU-AGU-UGA?

Isoleucine - leucine- proline- serine- stop

Why is bromophenol blue added to the individual DNA samples?

It allows the observer to view how far the DNA samples travel.

Which of the following directly plays a part in translation initiation?

Large ribosomal subunit Messenger RNA Small ribosomal subunit Initiator tRNA

biotechnology company named Synthorax has expanded the genetic alphabet by creating two new forms of ______ called X and Y.

Nucleotides

Select the choices indicating differences between RNA and DNA.

Only RNA contains the base "Uracil" DNA is a double helix but RNA is single stranded Only RNA contains the sugar "ribose"

During the termination stage of translation a completed ______ is released.

Polypeptide

A triplet code for amino acids is made up of __

RNA nucleotides

A triplet code for amino acids is made up of _____

RNA nucleotides

What is the name of the enzyme complex responsible for synthesizing a new RNA molecule through nucleotide binding?

RNA polymerase

Transcription begins when

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence

pre-mRNA

RNA that ain't been processed yet

Introns

RNA that will be removed before translation

Exons

RNA that will be used for translation

There is a point on a replicating prokaryotic or eukaryotic DNA strand at which separation of the strands occurs to allow for enzyme activity. What is it called?

Replication fork

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is NOT correct?

Replication occurs as each base is paired with another exactly like it.

Who contributed to the determination of the shape of the DNA molecule through x-ray crystallography?

Rosalind Franklin

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the debate over the nature of genetic material?

Scientists focused on carbohydrate and protein in their studies of possible genetic material since they knew that genes were on chromosomes and that chromosomes were made of carbohydrate and protein.

How does the DNA rate of travel differ for small DNA fragments and large DNA fragments?

Small fragments travel farther than large fragments.

The codon near which the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA molecule to be translated, which codes for methionine (AUG) is called the ________ codon.

Start

To end translation a release factor binds to a ______ codon.

Stop

Which of the following are characteristics of the genetic material that early scientists were seeking?

Storage of genetic information, able to undergo mutations, and a stable molecule.

If one strand of DNA has the base sequence AAG-CAA, the complementary strand has which of the following sequences?

TTC-GTT

A completed polypeptide is released during the phase of translation called

Termination

What is DNA isolation?

The extraction of DNA from viruses or cells.

Initiation occurs prior to elongation, both are part of the process of

Translation

The process which uses mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes to synthesize proteins is called

Translation

Because a set of three nucleotide bases called a codon codes for a particular amino acid, the genetic code is said to be a _______ code.

Triplet

True or false: DNA can store information, can be replicated and can undergo rare changes.

True

True or false: Prokaryotic DNA replication can occur either unidirectionally or bidirectionally.

True

If a certain section of a template strand of DNA had the sequence AATGCCCG, the mRNA transcript's sequence would be

UUACGGGC

The first codon to be deciphered was _____, which codes for _____.

UUU, phenylalanine

Which of the following are steps in DNA replication?

Unwinding the DNA double helix Complementary base pairing Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

The two pyrimidine bases are:

Cytosine and Thymine

James Watson and Francis Crick contributed greatly to our knowledge of the structure of the molecule known as

DNA

Which choice identifies the flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

DNA is found in

all cells

For genes that code for proteins, the mRNA sequence determines the sequence of _______________ in a protein.

amino acids

During the process of translation, a codon matches up with its complement, a(n)

anticodon

In an experiment, neither heat-killed R strain nor heat-killed S strain killed the mice. This finding

does not support or provide information to reject any of these hypotheses.

Rosalind Franklin was instrumental in the discovery that the three-dimensional shape of a DNA molecule was a(n)

double helix

The coding portions of a gene that are joined during mRNA processing are called

exons

Which section of the pre-mRNA contains the protein-coding regions?

exons

The production and usage of a gene's product is called gene

expression

Which of the following are reasons for post-transcriptional modification of mRNA? Multiple select question.

facilitate transport out of the nucleus remove noncoding regions protect the mRNA transcript from enzymes

Which of the following are components of a nucleotide?

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Scientists have created genetically modified organisms (GMOs) by isolating and then transferring the jellyfish gene for green fluorescent protein into pigs, bacteria, plants, and mice. The result was bioluminescent organisms! These experiments demonstrate that

genes have no difficulty crossing the species barrier.

Based on your understanding of the central dogma of molecular biology, match the following processes with the correct description.

transcription ———-> DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. translation ———-> RNA is used to produce protein. Replication ———> DNA is used as a template to produce duplicate molecules of DNA.

Polypeptides are created during which process?

translation