bio ch 13

Lampreys and hagfishes:

are the only extant jawless vertebrates.

Birds are grouped with turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and crocodiles. Birds, however, have feathers and can generate their own body heat, which other reptiles cannot do. Which of the following likely explains the original evolutionary function of feathers in early reptiles?

behavioral displays

All species of humans other than Homo sapiens became extinct:

between 30,000 and 12,000 years ago.

Which of the following characteristics could not be used to differentiate the three worm phyla, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, and Nematoda?

bilateral symmetry

Birds have scaly feet and lay amniotic eggs. This supports the idea that:

birds evolved from reptiles.

The notochord that characterizes all chordates at some stage in their life cycle provides all of the following functions except:

bony protection for the nerve cord.

The development of jaws allowed fishes to:

capture and kill prey

The group of mollusks that contains the nautilus species as well as squids and octopuses is called:

cephalopods

Which is a common characteristic of the arthropod phylum?

chitinous exoskeleton

Cephalopods include all of the following kinds of animals except:

clams

Using the evolutionary tree above, determine which of the following constitutes a monophyletic group.

crocodiles and birds

Which of the following types of arthropods are not primarily land-dwelling?

crustaceans

When Homo sapiens first left Africa, they:

encountered Homo erectus in Java

Which statement is true about all animals?

All acquire energy by eating other organisms.

Which of the following about insects is false?

All insects have three life stages: larva, pupa, and adult.

Which of the following species living today is the most evolutionarily successful?

All of the above species are equally successful because they are not extinct.

You find a protostome that has a closed circulatory system and a segmented body. In which of the following phylum does it most likely belong?

Annelida

Which statement is true about evolutionary success?

Any species that arises on earth is evolutionarily successful.

From which of the species listed in the graph below are we, Homo sapiens, least likely to be directly descended?

Australopithecus (robust)

Cnidarians are a unique group of organisms. Which of the following statements about cnidarians is true?

Cnidarians can be sessile (polyp) or free-floating (medusa).

True or false: Animals with backbones are more evolutionarily successful than organisms without backbones.

False. Each species exhibits adaptations that best suit their environment.

Which of the following best explains why fins and jaws evolved in a parallel manner?

Fins and jaws work together: Fins get you to the organism you are going to eat, and jaws capture and kill it.

Which of the following species of humans never migrated out of Africa?

Homo ergaster

Which of the following statements is true?

More than 95% of the animal kingdom is made up of invertebrates.

Which of the following is true of reptiles but not amphibians?

Reptiles have amniotic eggs, whereas amphibians do not.

Which statement is true of reptiles and amphibians?

Reptiles have amniotic eggs, whereas amphibians do not.

Which behavior is indicative of higher intelligence?

The concept of intelligence cannot be applied objectively to other species.

Which of the following is an advantage of radial symmetry?

The first three choices are all advantages of radial symmetry. (movement with equal ease in any direction, sense organs distributed around their circumference, even distribution of appendages)

Sea stars, a type of echinoderm, are seemingly harmless organisms. Which of the following, if any, is a defense/predation mechanism of the sea star?

The first two choices are correct. (The tube feet create a combined force to pull apart shells of a clam or mussel., The stomach can be pushed out through the mouth into a slightly opened clam shell, secreting digestive enzymes.)

Which of the following is unique about vertebrates in terms of the phylum Chordata?

The notochord is not present throughout life; rather, it is only found in early embryos and is replaced by the vertebral column (backbone).

What is the key difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

The protostome gut develops from front to back, so the first opening is the mouth. The deuterostome gut develops back to front, and the second opening becomes the mouth.

Which of the following is true of all animals?

They are capable of movement at some stage of their life cycle.

Which feature of echinoderms means that they are more closely related to humans than any other invertebrate group?

They are deuterostomes.

In which of the following animals does the mouth develop before the anus during gut development?

fruit flies

Feathers are to birds as __________ is/are to _______________.

fur, mammals

A new animal is discovered with a prominent muscular foot that attaches to underwater rocks. The animal also has a one-piece shell. To which of the following animal groups does this new animal belong?

gastropods

Birds are a branch of the reptile lineage but, unlike other reptiles, birds are able to do which of the following?

generate body heat

Which of the following would not be classified as an arthropod?

giant clam

Two important features that distinguish mammals from any other type of animal are:

hair and mammary glands.

The notochord that characterizes all chordates at some stage in their life cycle provides all of the following functions, except:

a point of attachment for legs.

Which short description best describes the body plan of modern sponges?

an aggregation of cells built around a water canal system

The figure above represents an evolutionary tree of the:

animals

Sharks are to jaws as _________ are to _________________.

lampreys; circular oral disks

Some general evolutionary change trends in animals include:

larger body size, bilateral symmetry, and an enclosed, fluid-filled body cavity.

Soon after amniotic vertebrates appeared, two different evolutionary lineages began to diverge. They are the:

mammals and the reptiles.

Two adaptations are central to the ecological diversity of insects: (1) the ability to fly and (2):

metamorphosis.

Which of the following is not an important feature in distinguishing animals from each other?

method of locomotion (movement)

Trichinella worms sometimes cause the disease known as trichinosis in humans when undercooked pork is eaten. These organisms have long cylindrical bodies but no segmentation. This species is most similar to which of the following animals?

nematodes

Which terrestrial problem correctly matches its evolutionary solution?

oxygen in the air: lungs

Which characteristic is unique to lobe-finned fish?

pelvic and pectoral fins

Which characteristic is NOT common to all chordates (at some point in their development)?

presence of vertebrae

In what order did the following structures or processes evolve?

prokaryotic cell, photosynthesis, multicellularity, terrestriality

Which of the following correctly pairs a stage of arthropod metamorphosis with its most significant change at that stage?

pupa: body structures of the larva are broken down and reassembled

Which of these is not a member of the segmented worms (phylum Annelida)?

roundworms

Which groups grow by molting?

roundworms and arthropods

Which one of the common names is matched correctly with its phyla?

roundworms: Nematoda

Which is the only animal phylum to not possess true tissues?

sponges

In the figure, animals that exhibit radial symmetry in the larval phase of their life cycle can be found in:

the yellow box only.

The most ancient branching point in the phylogeny of animals is the one that distinguishes between having:

true tissues or no tissues.

Although coral polyps can catch prey using their cnidocytes, they obtain most of their nutrition from algae, called ________________, that live symbiotically with the polyps.

zooxanthellae