Bio Ch 6- Cellular Respiration
In the Citric Acid Cycle...Before each pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it must be _______
"groomed"
"grooming"- start & ending molecule
2 3-C pyruvate, acetyl CoA
How many ATP molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?
2 ATP
What happens in Phase 1 of Glycolysis?
2 Phosphate groups are added to glucose and consumes 2 ATP
What is the overall net ATP production from glycolysis?
4 molecules of ATP per glucose; net 2 ATP per glucose
In the Citric Acid Cycle...Series of ___ reactions. Energy is transferred from the bonds of __________ to ____ & _____________
8,acetyl-CoA, ATP & electron carriers
In the Citric Acid Cycle...Each acetic acid is transferred to _______________, which carries it to the next set of reactions
coenzyme A (CoA)
Equation for Cellular Respiration :
glucose + oxygen ---> CO2 + H2O + energy
Glycolysis-start & ending molecule, aerobic or anaerobic, and location
glucose, 2 3-C pyruvate, anaerobic, cytoplasm
Where does energy come from in Cellular Respiration ?
glucose---> ATP (stored in b/w phosphate bonds)
What does the citric acid cycle complete?
the breakdown of glucose
Fermentation in Plants & Fungi
undergo fermentation, but do NOT produce lactic acid Instead, their waste product is ethyl alcohol
Fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
when your muscles must work anaerobically, when muscles spend ATP faster that O2
3 stages and locations of Cellular Respiration
1.Glycolysis (cytoplasm) 2. Citric acid cycle (mitochondria) 3. Electron Transport Chain (mitochondria)
Electron Transport Chain-start & ending molecule, aerobic or anaerobic, and location
10 NADH 2 FADH2 ATP aerobic mitochondrial inner membrane
In the Citric Acid Cycle...how many pyruvate are there to start ?
2
Reactants of Cellular Respiration
oxygen and glucose
In The Electron Transport Chain...The build up of energy from electrons in the mitochondrial matrix, that is released through ________________
ATP synthase
In the Citric Acid Cycle... Part of pyruvate splits off to form____. Electrons lost here are donated to ____(becomes _______). The remainder of the molecule is ________________
CO2, NAD+, NADH, acetic acid
What happens in Phase 2 of Glycolysis?
Cleavage & For each molecule of glucose, 2 3-carbon molecules are made
Which molecule is oxidized (loses electrons), and what does it become?
Glucose-it loses its electron in H to become CO2
Electron Carriers of Cellular Respiration
NAD+/NADH FADH/FADH2 (notice that both exist in an energized and unenergized form0
In the The Electron Transport Chain...what carrier transfers electrons?
NADH & FADH2
Which molecule is reduced (gains electrons), and what does it become?
O2- it gains electrons plus protons to become H2O
Autotroph
Organisms that make their own food
Final electron acceptor of Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
Which molecule 'catches' the "spent" electrons? What else does it interact with and what is formed?
Oxygen because its highly electronegative and accepts the electron and interacts with 2 protons to become water
Why are 2 Phosphate groups are added to glucose?
Prevents glucose from exiting cell• & Prepares the molecule to be broken apart (this consumes 2 ATP)
Fermentation in Animals
Relies on glycolysis The product of glycolysis (pyruvic acid) collects the extra electrons, instead of them going to the electron transport chain This forms lactic acid - the chemical that makes your muscles sore Does NOT require oxygen
Input, Output, & net ATP gain in Fermentation in Animals
Requires : 2 ATP Produces: 4 ATP Net ATP gain: 2 ATP
What happens in Phase 3 of Glycolysis?
The "Payoff" phase 4 ATP are produced (2 from each 3-carbon molecule) 2 NADH is produced Final product: 2 pyruvate
Define Cellular Respiration
The aerobic harvesting of chemical energy from organic fuel molecules
What happens to the electrochemical gradient of protons? Where do the protons want to move?
The build-up of electrons makes a very high density of H+ between the mitochondrial membrane and the H+ don't like to be crowded. So they want to move or cross through the membrane to diffuse. Their only way is to go through ATP Synthase
Chemical cycling
The process of photosynthesis creates glucose and O2 from sun energy and CO2
What happens to the protons (H+ ) around the electron transport chain? Where do they go? How do they get there?
The protons are pumped out into the intermembrane space because the ETC proteins are excited to do work when the electrons are passed to them.
How is the proton gradient established by the ETC used to do work? What work is done (i.e., what is made and how)?
The protons can only flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, thus making it turn like a turbine and giving it the electromotive force to produce ATP from ADP and Pi.
Citric Acid Cycle- start & ending molecule, aerobic or anaerobic, and location
acetyl CoA, (after it runs twice) 4 CO2 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2, aerobic, mitochondrial matrix
Types of cellsCellular Respiration occurs in?
all cells (aerobic or anaerobic)
Products of Cellular Respiration
carbon dioxide, water
Location of Cellular Respiration
mitochondria
In The Electron Transport Chain...The ____________ collects the energy from these transfers and turn it into ____. ______ is released as a waste product
mitochondria , ATP, Water
Heterotroph
organism that cannot make its own food, must eat organic material to get nutrients/energy
In The Electron Transport Chain...This transferring of electrons happens between ______ located in the _________________________________
proteins, inner mitochondrial membrane
Electron Transport Chain
the system that transfers electrons along a series of membrane -associated proteins from an electron donor molecule to the final electron acceptor
Goal of Cellular Respiration
to convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP