Bio ch9
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. a. two alleles segregate into each gamete b. more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele c. gametes have one copy of each allele d. gametes are diploid
c. gametes have one copy of each allele
The analogous use of P, F1, and F2 generations in plants to humans would make an offspring in F2 ______ to the P generation Select one: a. sons or daughters b. cousin c. grandsons or granddaughters d. siblings
c. grandsons or granddaughters
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color blind? a. the woman with whom he mates is red-green color blind b. the man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness c. he can't unless there is a mutation d. the man's mother carries an allele for red-green color blindness, and the expression of the trait skipped a generation
c. he can't unless there is a mutation
The father determine the gender of the offspring because Select one: a. he contributes a Y to produce females b. he contributes X to all children c. he contributes either an X or a Y to the complimentary X of the egg d. he contributes XY to all children
c. he contributes either an X or a Y to the complimentary X of the egg
In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic. Select one: a. sickle-cell disease b. cystic fibrosis c. height d. blood type
c. height
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________. Select one: a. homozygotes... recessive b. heterozygotes... recessive c. heterozygotes... dominant d. homozygotes... dominant
c. heterozygotes... dominant
All the statements about segregation are true except Select one: a. alleles separate b. segregation occurs during anaphase I c. homologous alleles stay together d. segregation directs gametes to have only one type of allele
c. homologous alleles stay together
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________. Select one: a. is heterozygous for that trait b. expresses the dominant trait c. is homozygous recessive for that trait d. is homozygous dominant for that trait
c. is homozygous recessive for that trait
Linked genes are usually ________. Select one: a. codominant b. found on the X chromosome c. located close together on a chromosome d. found on the Y chromosome
c. located close together on a chromosome
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______. a. codominance b. a recessive disorder c. pleiotropy d. incomplete dominance
c. pleiotropy
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all the offspring are yellow. Why a. the yellow allele is recessive to the green allele b. all of the offspring are homozygous yellow c. the yellow allele is dominant to the green allele d. the alleles are codominant
c. the yellow allele is dominant to the green allele
The ________ is most commonly found in nature. Select one: a. recessive trait b. dominant trait c. wild-type trait d. parental type
c. wild-type trait
An individual who is homozygous
carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles?
codominance
Which of these will only produce hetero offspring? a) Aaxaa b) AAxAa c) AaxAa d) AAxaa
d) AAxaa
Individual w/ genotype AaBb produces 4 diff gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. a) Mendel's principle of segregation b) chromosomal theory of inheritance c) linkage d) Mendel's law of independent assortment
d) Mendel's law of independent assortment
Janice's genotype is ______. a) ww b) WW c) Ww d) WW or Ww
d) WW or Ww
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? Select one: a. allele b. phenotype c. genotype d. locus
d. locus
Crossover of linked genes is demonstrated by Select one: a. both traits with the same ratio of offspring b. producing no new combinations c. both traits being dominant d. producing new combinations of alleles
d. producing new combinations of alleles
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________. Select one: a. self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring b. cannot be cross-fertilized c. produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized d. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
d. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
Experience with dog breeding has taught geneticists ________. Select one: a. that, while physical traits can be molded through artificial selection, behavioral traits cannot b. that, given enough time, any desired trait can be bred into dogs c. that purebred dogs have offspring with qualities identical to the parents, because all purebred dogs are alike genetically d. that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed
d. that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed
What is the basis of Mendel's laws? a. the behavior of chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis only b. the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase c. the behavior of chromosomes during prophase 1 and prophase 2 of meiosis d. the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase 1 and anaphase 1 of meiosis
d. the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase 1 and anaphase 1 of meiosis
What is the basis of Mendel's laws? Select one: a. the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis b. the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only c. the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase d. the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
d. the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
What is the key to recognition of codominance? a. the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes b. the trait exhibits a continuous distribution c. the alleles affect more than one trait d. the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
d. the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? a. a mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait b. all of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed c. pleiotropy occurs d. the trait varies along a continuum in the population
d. the trait varies along a continuum in the population
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______. A) purebred variety B) hybrid C) P generation D) F2 generation
B
Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? A) 0% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
B
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ______. A) cannot have children with cystic fibrosis B) is a carrier C) will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis D) has cystic fibrosis
B
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? A) pleiotropy B) incomplete dominance C) wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair D) codominance
B
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. A) the chromosomal theory of inheritance B) Mendel's law of independent assortment C) linkage D) Mendel's principle of segregation
B
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? A) 2:1 B) 1:1 C) 1:2:1 D) 3:1
B
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
B
In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic. A) cystic fibrosis B) height C) blood type D) sickle-cell disease
B
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? A) DD B) Dd C) dd D) DI
B
In the accompanying art you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ______. A) of errors in mitosis B) some of the alleles were linked C) some of the alleles were sex-linked D) of polygenic inheritance
B
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ______. A) determined only by our genes B) influenced by both genes and the environment C) determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people D) not affected by our genes
B
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______. A) heterozygotes... recessive B) heterozygotes... dominant C) homozygotes... recessive D) homozygotes... dominant
B
The parents of a child with unusual disease symptoms take the child to a doctor for help. The doctor suspects that the condition might have a genetic basis. She recommends that the child be taken to a specialty clinic where physicians and staff members are trained to diagnose genetic diseases and counsel parents. Ultimately, the child is diagnosed with a rare recessively inherited disease. The parents are tested for the gene, and both are found to be heterozygous. The parents want to have another child but are afraid this child will also be affected. What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/8 D) 1/16
B
The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? A) CDB B) DBC C) BCD D) More information is needed.
B
This pedigree supports the fact that widow's peak is due to a dominant allele, because if it were due to a recessive allele and both parents show the recessive phenotype, then ______. A) none of the sons would have a widow's peak B) all of the offspring would have a widow's peak C) none of the daughters would have a widow's peak D) all of the daughters and none of the sons would have a widow's peak
B
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. A) expresses the dominant trait B) is homozygous recessive for that trait C) is homozygous dominant for that trait D) is heterozygous for that trait
B
A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs?
3%
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross?
3:1
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?
50%
Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?
50%
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
50%
1) DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ______ monomers. A) nucleotide B) carbohydrate C) fatty acid D) amino acid
A
12) Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? A) AA × aa B) AA × Aa C) Aa × Aa D) Aa × aa
A
12) Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring? A) AA × aa B) AA × Aa C) Aa × Aa D) Aa × aa
A
13) What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? A) locus B) chromaddress C) genotype D) allele
A
13) What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? A) locus B) phenotype C) genotype D) allele
A
18) Transcription is the ______. A) manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA B) manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix C) modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein D) manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA
A
23) What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
A
24) What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
A
25) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
A
26) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
A
27) An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? A) codominance B) pleiotropy C) LN is dominant D) incomplete dominance
A
28) An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? A) codominance B) pleiotropy C) LN is dominant D) incomplete dominance
A
Huntington's disease is an example of a genetic disorder caused by __________. a late-acting lethal dominant allele homozygous recessive alleles multiple alleles a late-acting recessive allele a nonlethal dominant allele
a late-acting lethal dominant allele
Attached earlobes are recessive. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual w/ attached earlobes mate with individual hetero for free earlobes? a) 1:1 b) 3:1 c) 1:2:1 d) 2:1
a) 1:1
Recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. Recombination frequency between gene b and d is 5%. Reccombination frequency between gene c and gene d is 15%. What is the arrangement of these genes on linkage map? a) DBC b) CDB c) BCD d) More info needed
a) DBC
An individual w/ blood groupe genotype LMLN has phenotype MN. What is the relationship between LM and LN? a) codominance b) incomplete dominance c) pleoitropy d) LN is dominant
a) codominance
An individual with naturally curly hair and an individual with naturally straight hair mate; all of their offspring have naturally wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curl hair? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
a. 0%
Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who only has two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
a. 0%
The results from a monohybrid testcross of a homozygous (dominant) genotype will yield a genotype ratio in the offspring of Select one: a. 1 (all dominant) b. 3 to 1 c. 1 to 1 d. 1 to 2 to 1
a. 1 (all dominant)
Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? a. AA x aa b. AA x Aa c. Aa x Aa d. Aa x aa
a. AA x aa
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? Select one: a. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. b. The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele. c. The alleles are codominant. d. All of the offspring are homozygous yellow.
a. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
The genotype of males is ___ while the genotype of females is Select one: a. XY, XX b. XXX, XYY c. OX, XXY d. XX, XY
a. XY, XX
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D resistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? a. all of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia b. fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons will exhibit hypophosphatemia c. all of their sons and none of their daughter will exhibit hypophosphatemia d. twenty five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia
a. all of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia
Alleles are described as ________. Select one: a. alternate versions of a gene b. homologous chromosomes c. alternate phenotypes d. environmental factors that affect gene expression
a. alternate versions of a gene
An individual with the blood group genotype L^MLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the L^M and L^N alleles? a. codominance b. pleiotropy c. L^N is dominant d. incomplete dominance
a. codominance
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________. Select one: a. hybrid b. F2 generation c. P generation d. purebred variety
a. hybrid
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________. Select one: a. is a carrier b. will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis c. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis d. has cystic fibrosis
a. is a carrier
What is the best explanation for a BbCc x bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? a. linked genes b. polygenic inheritance c. incomplete dominance d. codominance
a. linked genes
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? a. locus b. chromaddress c. genotype d. allele
a. locus
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? A) locus B) chromaddress C) genotype D) allele
A
Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? A) AA × aa B) AA × Aa C) Aa × Aa D) Aa × aa
A
An individual who is homozygous ________. Select one: A. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene B. expresses the recessive trait C. expresses the dominant trait D. carries two different alleles for a gene
A. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
20) The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
B) wild-type trait
23) The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______. A) the creation of a virus B) a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail C) the production of a longer RNA molecule D) the production of a shorter RNA molecule
C
23) Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? A) testcross B) dihybrid cross C) amniocentesis D) pedigree analysis
C
25) The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ______. A) caps B) promoters C) exons D) introns
C
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
A
What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? A) linked genes B) polygenic inheritance C) incomplete dominance D) codominance
A
Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered plant, the progeny plants will be __________. 25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white 50% pink and 50% red 25% white and 75% red 100% red 100% pink
25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
1:1
Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual?
1:1:1:1
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles?
25%
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair?
0%
Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils?
0%
If each parent can produce 100 genetically distinct gametes, how many genetically distinct offspring can these parents produce? 1,000,000 10,000 1,000 100 200
10,000 (100 x 100 = 10,000. The rule of multiplication applies to these independent events.)
Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the accompanying art. What is the recombination frequency of purple round and red long offspring?
11%
3) Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that A) thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures. B) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA. C) thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA. D) thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases.
A
30) During translation, what is the correct order of events that occur as an amino acid is added? A) codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation B) translocation, codon recognition, termination C) initiation, codon recognition, termination D) peptide bond formation, translocation, codon recognition
A
31) Peptide bonds form between ______. A) amino acids B) an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon C) a tRNA and the amino acid it is carrying D) an mRNA transcript and the small ribosomal subunit
A
33) What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message? A) one B) two C) three D) four
A
34) What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? A) linked genes B) polygenic inheritance C) incomplete dominance D) codominance
A
35) What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? A) linked genes B) polygenic inheritance C) incomplete dominance D) codominance
A
37) Plant viruses ______. A) often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material B) benefit plants, rather than causing disease C) cause diseases that can be easily cured D) do not exist-viruses only attack animals
A
38) Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
A
39) Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
A
40) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? A) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. B) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. C) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia. D) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
A
41) Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______. A) serine B) arginine C) threonine D) alanine
A
41) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D—resistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? A) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. B) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. C) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia. D) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
A
46) The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______. A) a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence B) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence C) a single nucleotide in the middle of an intron D) deletion of a triplet near the middle of the gene
A
9) Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. A) X-ray crystallography studies B) studies of disease-causing bacteria C) base rule studies D) bacteriophage studies
A
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
A
An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? A) codominance B) pleiotropy C) LN is dominant D) incomplete dominance
A
Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
A
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? A) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. B) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. C) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia. D) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.
A
26) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair?
A) 0%
39) Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils?
A) 0%
12) Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring?
A) AA × aa
41) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D—resistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
A) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
24) What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?
A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
28) An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles?
A) codominance
35) What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio?
A) linked genes
13) What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
A) locus
Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? Select one: A. 0% B. 50% C. 25% D. 100%
A. 0%
Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? Select one: A. 1:1:1:1 B. 9:3:3:1 C. 3:1 D. 1:2:1
A. 1:1:1:1
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? Select one: A. 50% B. 67% C. 33% D. 25%
A. 50%
Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? Select one: A. 50% B. 75% C. 0% D. 100%
A. 50%
Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring? Select one: A. AA × aa B. AA × Aa C. Aa × Aa D. Aa × aa
A. AA × aa
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D—resistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? Select one: A. All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. B. Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia. C. Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. D. All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia.
A. All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________. Select one: A. gametes have one allele copy for each gene B. two alleles segregate into each gamete C. gametes are diploid D. more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele
A. gametes have one allele copy for each gene
In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic. Select one: A. height B. cystic fibrosis C. blood type D. sickle-cell disease
A. height
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________. Select one: A. influenced by both genes and the environment B. not affected by our genes C. determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people D. determined only by our genes
A. influenced by both genes and the environment
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________. Select one: A. is a carrier B. has cystic fibrosis C. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis D. will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis
A. is a carrier
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________. Select one: A. is homozygous recessive for that trait B. expresses the dominant trait C. is homozygous dominant for that trait D. is heterozygous for that trait
A. is homozygous recessive for that trait
Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions. In the accompanying art, you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ________. Select one: A. some of the alleles were linked B. of polygenic inheritance C. of errors in mitosis D. some of the alleles were sex-linked
A. some of the alleles were linked
Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring?
AA × aa
Which of these crosses will produce only heterozygous offspring?
AA × aa
A = big apples; R = red apples; a = small apples; r = yellow apples. You have one tree that produces big yellow apples and another tree that produces small red apples. When the two are crossed, you find that half the offspring trees produce big red apples and half produce big yellow apples. What are the genotypes of the parents? AArr and aaRr Aarr and aaRr AARr and AArr AaRr and AaRr AaRr and aarr
AArr and aaRr
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin Dresistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D—resistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?
All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.
Alleles are described as ______.
Alternate versions of a gene
1) The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ______. A) cannot be cross-fertilized B) self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent C) produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized D) self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring
B
1) The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________. A) cannot be cross-fertilized B) self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent C) produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized D) self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring
B
10) In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? A) DD B) Dd C) dd D) DI
B
11) After replication, ______. A) each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands B) each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand C) each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands D) one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands
B
15) An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. A) the chromosomal theory of inheritance B) Mendel's law of independent assortment C) linkage D) Mendel's principle of segregation
B
15) An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ________. A) the chromosomal theory of inheritance B) Mendel's law of independent assortment C) linkage D) Mendel's principle of segregation
B
15) How many amino acids are common to all living systems? A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 100
B
16) How many nucleotides make up a codon? A) two B) three C) four D) five
B
16) To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. A) expresses the dominant trait B) is homozygous recessive for that trait C) is homozygous dominant for that trait D) is heterozygous for that trait
B
16) To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________. A) expresses the dominant trait B) is homozygous recessive for that trait C) is homozygous dominant for that trait D) is heterozygous for that trait
B
17) A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? A) 25% B) 50% C) 33% D) 67%
B
18) In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 100%
B
19) The ______ is most commonly found in nature. A) recessive trait B) wild-type trait C) parental D) dominant trait
B
19) What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked? A) karyotype B) pedigree C) DNA sequence D) blood test
B
2) A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______. A) purebred variety B) hybrid C) P generation D) F2 generation
B
2) A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________. A) purebred variety B) hybrid C) P generation D) F2 generation
B
20) An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ______. A) cannot have children with cystic fibrosis B) is a carrier C) will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis D) has cystic fibrosis
B
20) The ________ is most commonly found in nature. A) recessive trait B) wild-type trait C) parental type D) dominant trait
B
36) The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? A) CDB B) DBC C) BCD D) More information is needed.
B
21) Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? A) 0% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
B
21) An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________. A) cannot have children with cystic fibrosis B) is a carrier C) will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis D) has cystic fibrosis
B
21) The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______. A) start codon B) promoter C) initiator D) processor
B
22) Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? A) 0% B) 50% C) 75% D) 100%
B
22) The correct sequence of events occurring during transcription is ______. A) splicing, capping, tailing B) initiation, elongation, termination C) tailing, capping, splicing D) elongation, initiation, termination
B
24) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? A) pleiotropy B) incomplete dominance C) wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair D) codominance
B
25) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? A) pleiotropy B) incomplete dominance C) wavy hair dominant to both straight and curly hair D) codominance
B
26) Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______. A) DNA... RNA B) RNA... a polypeptide C) DNA... a polypeptide D) RNA... DNA
B
28) The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______. A) TCU B) AGU C) TCA D) AGT
B
30) In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic. A) cystic fibrosis B) height C) blood type D) sickle-cell disease
B
31) In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic. A) cystic fibrosis B) height C) blood type D) sickle-cell disease
B
31) Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ______. A) determined only by our genes B) influenced by both genes and the environment C) determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people D) not affected by our genes
B
32) A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______. A) result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid shorter than the one produced prior to the mutation B) result in a shortened polypeptide chain C) change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins D) have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene
B
32) Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________. A) determined only by our genes B) influenced by both genes and the environment C) determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people D) not affected by our genes
B
33) ______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. A) Codominant B) Linked C) Recessive D) Pleiotropic
B
34) ________ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. A) Codominant B) Linked C) Recessive D) Pleiotropic
B
35) A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? A) 6% B) 3% C) 30% D) 1.5%
B
36) A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? A) 6% B) 3% C) 30% D) 1.5%
B
37) The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? A) CDB B) DBC C) BCD D) More information is needed.
B
39) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ______ to reproduce. A) DNA polymerase B) reverse transcriptase C) RNA polymerase D) tRNA
B
4) RNA contains the nitrogenous base ______ instead of ______, which is only found in DNA. A) a deoxyribose sugar... a ribose sugar B) uracil... thymine C) uracil... guanine D) thymine... uracil
B
40) The figure below shows the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. The transfer of information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as ______. A) DNA replication B) transcription C) polypeptide D) translation
B
41) In the accompanying art you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ______. A) of errors in mitosis B) some of the alleles were linked C) some of the alleles were sex-linked D) of polygenic inheritance
B
42) Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution ______. A) always involves adenine and uracil B) may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly C) is a silent mutation D) causes a nonsense mutation
B
43) The first thing you notice is that there is no immediate increase in viruses following infection. This is because ______. A) it takes the virus time to adapt to the host B) although the virus has infected the host, it takes time to complete the lytic cycle C) the host is immune to the virus D) the virus is in a lysogenic cycle throughout the experiment
B
45) The mutation that resulted from her accident was probably ______. A) an amino acid substitution B) one that changed the triplet grouping of the genetic message C) an error in translation D) a loss in regulation of gene expression
B
45) This pedigree supports the fact that widow's peak is due to a dominant allele, because if it were due to a recessive allele and both parents show the recessive phenotype, then ______. A) none of the sons would have a widow's peak B) all of the offspring would have a widow's peak C) none of the daughters would have a widow's peak D) all of the daughters and none of the sons would have a widow's peak
B
46) What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/8 D) 1/16
B
7) Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? A) 2:1 B) 1:1 C) 1:2:1 D) 3:1
B
8) Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______. A) heterozygotes... recessive B) heterozygotes... dominant C) homozygotes... recessive D) homozygotes... dominant
B
8) Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________. A) heterozygotes... recessive B) heterozygotes... dominant C) homozygotes... recessive D) homozygotes... dominant
B
8) Who discovered the structure of DNA? A) Pauling B) Watson and Crick C) Franklin D) Hershey and Chase
B
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? A) 25% B) 50% C) 33% D) 67%
B
A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? A) 6% B) 3% C) 30% D) 1.5%
B
______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. A) Codominant B) Linked C) Recessive D) Pleiotropic
B
he ______ is most commonly found in nature. A) recessive trait B) wild-type trait C) parental D) dominant trait
B
7) Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
B) 1:1
18) In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles?
B) 25%
36) A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs?
B) 3%
17) A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?
B) 50%
22) Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?
B) 50%
37) The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map?
B) DBC
10) In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
B) Dd
34) ________ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment.
B) Linked
15) An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ________.
B) Mendel's law of independent assortment
31) In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic.
B) height
8) Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________.
B) heterozygotes... dominant
2) A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________.
B) hybrid
25) An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?
B) incomplete dominance
32) Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________.
B) influenced by both genes and the environment
21) An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________.
B) is a carrier
16) To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________.
B) is homozygous recessive for that trait
19) What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked?
B) pedigree
1) The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________.
B) self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? Select one: A. 0% B. 25% C. 100% D. 50%
B. 25%
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? Select one: A. 25% B. 50% C. 0% D. 75%
B. 50%
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? Select one: A. DI B. Dd C. dd D. DD
B. Dd
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________. Select one: A. produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized B. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent C. self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring D. cannot be cross-fertilized
B. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
The ________ is most commonly found in nature. Select one: A. dominant trait B. wild-type trait C. recessive trait D. parental type
B. wild-type trait
11) An individual who is homozygous ______. A) expresses the dominant trait B) carries two different alleles for a gene C) carries two copies of the same allele for a gene D) expresses the recessive trait
C
11) An individual who is homozygous ________. A) expresses the dominant trait B) carries two different alleles for a gene C) carries two copies of the same allele for a gene D) expresses the recessive trait
C
14) What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? A) holotype B) genotype C) phenotype D) morphology
C
17) The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ______. A) the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth B) DNA replication is error-free C) all life shares a common ancestry D) bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells
C
19) If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______. A) single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG B) DNA double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand C) single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG D) RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand
C
2) The backbone of DNA consists of ______. A) nitrogenous bases B) a repeating sugar-nucleotide-sugar-nucleotide pattern C) a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern D) paired nucleotides
C
22) Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? A) testcross B) dihybrid cross C) amniocentesis D) pedigree analysis
C
28) Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______. A) codominance B) a recessive disorder C) pleiotropy D) incomplete dominance
C
29) Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of Marfan syndrome an example? A) codominance B) homozygous recessive C) pleiotropy D) incomplete dominance
C
29) Where is translation accomplished? A) lysosomes B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) ribosomes D) nucleoli
C
3) Alleles are described as ______. A) homologous chromosomes B) environmental factors that affect gene expression C) alternate versions of a gene D) alternate phenotypes
C
3) Alleles are described as ________. A) homologous chromosomes B) environmental factors that affect gene expression C) alternate versions of a gene D) alternate phenotypes
C
36) How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death? A) by altering the way a cell splices its RNA B) via a lytic cycle C) via a lysogenic cycle D) by altering its DNA
C
38) A(n) ______ is to bacteria as a ______ is to animal cells. A) retrovirus... virus B) phage... prophage C) prophage... provirus D) RNA virus... DNA virus
C
39) Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? A) The woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. B) The man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. C) He can't (unless there is a mutation). D) The man's mother carries an allele for red-green color blindness, and the expression of the trait skipped a generation.
C
4) A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? A) The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele. B) All of the offspring are homozygous yellow. C) The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. D) The alleles are codominant.
C
40) Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? A) Yes, if the woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. B) Yes, if the man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. C) No, he can't (unless there is a mutation). D) No, the expression of the trait skips a generation.
C
43) Mary has the genotype ______. A) WW B) ww C) Ww D) more information is needed.
C
5) A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? A) 1:2:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 9:3:3:1
C
6) According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. A) two alleles segregate into each gamete B) more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele C) gametes have one copy of each allele D) gametes are diploid
C
6) According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________. A) two alleles segregate into each gamete B) more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele C) gametes have one allele copy for each gene D) gametes are diploid
C
6) In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______. A) cytosine... thymine B) guanine... adenine C) thymine... cytosine D) uracil... cytosine
C
7) If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? A) ACTTGC B) TGAACG C) CAGGTA D) CAGGUA
C
9) Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
C
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? A) 1:2:1 B) 2:1 C) 3:1 D) 9:3:3:1
C
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? A) The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele. B) All of the offspring are homozygous yellow. C) The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. D) The alleles are codominant.
C
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. A) two alleles segregate into each gamete B) more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele C) gametes have one copy of each allele D) gametes are diploid
C
Alleles are described as ______. A) homologous chromosomes B) environmental factors that affect gene expression C) alternate versions of a gene D) alternate phenotypes
C
An individual who is homozygous ______. A) expresses the dominant trait B) carries two different alleles for a gene C) carries two copies of the same allele for a gene D) expresses the recessive trait
C
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
C
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______. A) codominance B) a recessive disorder C) pleiotropy D) incomplete dominance
C
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? A) The woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. B) The man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. C) He can't (unless there is a mutation). D) The man's mother carries an allele for red-green color blindness, and the expression of the trait skipped a generation.
C
Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? A) testcross B) dihybrid cross C) amniocentesis D) pedigree analysis
C
5) A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross?
C) 3:1
9) Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
C) 50%
40) Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind?
C) No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
4) A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?
C) The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
3) Alleles are described as ________.
C) alternate versions of a gene
23) Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing?
C) amniocentesis
11) An individual who is homozygous ________.
C) carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
6) According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________.
C) gametes have one allele copy for each gene
29) Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of Marfan syndrome an example?
C) pleiotropy
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? Select one: A. 2:1 B. 1:2:1 C. 1:1 D. 3:1
C. 1:1
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? Select one: A. 1:2:1 B. 2:1 C. 3:1 D. 9:3:3:1
C. 3:1
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? Select one: A. Yes, if the woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. B. Yes, if the man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. C. No, he can't (unless there is a mutation). D. No, the expression of the trait skips a generation.
C. No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? Select one: A. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. B. The alleles affect more than one trait. C. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. D. The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
C. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? Select one: A. All of the offspring are homozygous yellow. B. The alleles are codominant. C. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. D. The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele.
C. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
Alleles are described as ________. Select one: A. alternate phenotypes B. homologous chromosomes C. alternate versions of a gene D. environmental factors that affect gene expression
C. alternate versions of a gene
Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? Select one: A. testcross B. dihybrid cross C. amniocentesis D. pedigree analysis
C. amniocentesis
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________. Select one: A. homozygotes... recessive B. homozygotes... dominant C. heterozygotes... dominant D. heterozygotes... recessive
C. heterozygotes... dominant
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________. Select one: A. purebred variety B. P generation C. hybrid D. F2 generation
C. hybrid
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? Select one: A. pleiotropy B. wavy hair dominant to both straight and curly hair C. incomplete dominance D. codominance
C. incomplete dominance
Linked genes are usually ________. Select one: A. codominant B. found on the Y chromosome C. located close together on a chromosome D. found on the X chromosome
C. located close together on a chromosome
What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked? Select one: A. DNA sequence B. blood test C. pedigree D. karyotype
C. pedigree
An individual who is homozygous ______.
Carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
10) What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? A) ionic B) covalent C) hydrophilic D) hydrogen
D
12) DNA replication A) is a slow process that results in virtually no errors. B) requires DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. C) is a very fast process that results in numerous errors. D) requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins.
D
13) The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______." A) enzyme B) RNA C) protein D) polypeptide
D
14) Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? A) 1:2:1 B) 9:3:3:1 C) 3:1 D) 1:1:1:1
D
20) Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? A) RNase B) RNA helicase C) RNA ligase D) RNA polymerase
D
24) What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? A) RNA splicing B) the removal of exons C) the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm D) a cap and tail
D
26) What is the key to the recognition of codominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
D
27) The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA. A) nuclear B) ribosomal C) transfer D) messenger
D
27) What is the key to the recognition of codominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
D
29) What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? A) A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait. B) All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. C) Pleiotropy occurs. D) The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
D
30) What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? A) A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait. B) All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. C) Pleiotropy occurs. D) The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
D
32) What is the basis of Mendel's laws? A) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only B) the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase C) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis D) the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
D
33) What is the basis of Mendel's laws? A) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only B) the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase C) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis D) the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
D
34) What is the ultimate source of all diversity? A) natural selection B) sexual recombination C) meiosis D) mutation
D
35) Mad cow disease is caused by A) a retrovirus similar to HIV. B) an enveloped virus. C) small circular RNA molecules called viroids. D) infectious proteins called prions.
D
37) Linked genes are usually A) found on the X chromosome. B) found on the Y chromosome. C) codominant. D) located close together on a chromosome.
D
38) Linked genes are usually ________. A) found on the X chromosome B) found on the Y chromosome C) codominant D) located close together on a chromosome
D
42) Experience with dog breeding has taught geneticists ________. A) that, given enough time, any desired trait can be bred into dogs B) that purebred dogs have offspring with qualities identical to the parents, because all purebred dogs are alike genetically C) that, while physical traits can be molded through artificial selection, behavioral traits cannot D) that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed
D
42) Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the accompanying art. What is the recombination frequency of purple round and red long offspring? A) 21% B) 381 C) 21 + 21 D) 11%
D
44) Janice's genotype is _______. A) Ww B) WW C) ww D) WW or Ww
D
44) Once viruses are detected, the number of viruses increases rapidly. This is because ______. A) lysogeny produces large numbers of bacteriophages B) DNA viruses reproduce more rapidly than RNA viruses C) the host cell speeds the release process D) the viruses lyse the hosts to release mature viruses all at once
D
5) If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine? A) 60% B) 40% C) 20% D) 30%
D
Linked genes are usually A) found on the X chromosome. B) found on the Y chromosome. C) codominant. D) located close together on a chromosome.
D
Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? A) 1:2:1 B) 9:3:3:1 C) 3:1 D) 1:1:1:1
D
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ______. A) cannot be cross-fertilized B) self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent C) produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized D) self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring
D
What is the basis of Mendel's laws? A) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only B) the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase C) the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis D) the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
D
What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? A) A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait. B) All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. C) Pleiotropy occurs. D) The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
D
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? A) The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. B) The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. C) The alleles affect more than one trait. D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
D
14) Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual?
D) 1:1:1:1
27) What is the key to the recognition of codominance?
D) The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
30) What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)?
D) The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
38) Linked genes are usually ________.
D) located close together on a chromosome
42) Experience with dog breeding has taught geneticists ________.
D) that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed
33) What is the basis of Mendel's laws?
D) the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
________ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. Select one: A. Codominant B. Pleiotropic C. Recessive D. Linked
D. Linked
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? Select one: A. The alleles affect more than one trait. B. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. C. Incorrect. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. D. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
D. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? Select one: A. A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait. B. All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. C. Pleiotropy occurs. D. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
D. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? Select one: A. incomplete dominance B. LN is dominant C. pleiotropy D. codominance
D. codominance
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of Marfan syndrome an example? Select one: A. homozygous recessive B. codominance C. incomplete dominance D. pleiotropy
D. pleiotropy
The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map?
DBC
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
Dd
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______.
Gametes have one copy of each allele
R = can roll tongue; r = can't roll tongue. A couple who both have the ability to roll their tongues have a son who is also a tongue-roller. The son is curious about whether he is homozygous or heterozygous for the tongue-rolling trait. How could he find out? He will have to wait to have grandchildren before the question can be answered. Have children with a woman who is also a tongue-roller. If all their children are non-rollers, then he is a heterozygote. Have children with a woman who is a non-roller. If any of their children are non-rollers, then he is a heterozygote. Have children with a woman who is a non-roller. If any of their children are tongue-rollers, then he is homozygous recessive. Have children with a woman who is also a tongue-roller. If their children are tongue-rollers, then he is homozygous dominant.
Have children with a woman who is a non-roller. If any of their children are non-rollers, then he is a heterozygote.
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. How can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind?
He can't (unless there is a mutation).
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______.
Hybrid
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ______.
Is a carrier
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?
The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment.
Linked
______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. Pleiotropic Recessive Linked Codominant
Linked
________ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment.
Linked
Linked genes are usually
Located close together on a chromosome.
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
Locus
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of
Mendel's law of independent assortment
Linked genes are usually ________.
NOT!!! found on the Y chromosome
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________.
NOT!!! two alleles segregate into each gamete
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind?
No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______.
Pleiotropy
In the accompanying art you see a table with the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross. The numbers do not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ______.
Some of the alleles were linked
What is the key to the recognition of codominance?
The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. The alleles affect more than one trait. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution.
The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?
The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. The alleles affect more than one trait. The dominant allele is always expressed. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)?
The trait varies along a continuum in the population
What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? Pleiotropy occurs. The trait varies along a continuum in the population. A mating between a homozygous recessive and a heterozygous individual produces offspring who all have the same phenotype. All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait.
The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? a. the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes b. the trait exhibits a continuous distribution c. the alleles affect more than one trait d. the heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
a. the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes
When two average-height parents give birth to a child exhibiting achondroplastic dwarfism, it is most likely due to a new mutation. This is because _____. the frequency of achondroplasia is unknown it is a recessive trait and recessive traits always arise by mutation achondroplasia is caused by an allele that is always expressed, so the parents couldn't have the allele achondroplasia is a relatively rare disorder such mutations are statistically predictable
achondroplasia is caused by an allele that is always expressed, so the parents couldn't have the allele
Alleles are described as
alternate versions of a gene
Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing?
amniocentesis
Linked genes are genes that __________. reside on the sex chromosomes are on the same chromosome govern traits (such as hair texture and hair color) that are functionally related have the same alleles residing on them
are on the same chromosome
Purebred plant that produces yellow seed is cross with purebred plant that produces green seed. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1XF1 cross? a) 1:2:1 b) 3:1 c) 2:1 d) 9:3:3:1
b) 3:1
The parents of a child with unusual disease symptoms take the child to a doctor for help. The doctor suspects that the condition might have a genetic basis. She recommends that the child be taken to a specialty clinic whare physicians and staff members are trained to diagnose genetic diseases and counsel parents. Ultimately, the child is diagnosed with a rare recessively inherited disease. The parents are tested for the gene, and both are found to be heterozygous. The parents want to have another child but afraid the child will also be affected. What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease? a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 1/8 d. 1/16
b. 1/4
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? a. 2:1 b. 1:1 c. 1:2:1 d. 3:1
b. 1:1
In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 100%
b. 25%
A dihybrid cross produce 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? a. 6% b. 3% c. 30% d. 1.5%
b. 3%
A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? a. 25% b. 50% c. 33% d. 67%
b. 50%
Achrodroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygous. If a person with achrondroplasia mates with a person who doesn't have it, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achrondroplasia? a. 0% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100%
b. 50%
The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? a. CDB b. DBC c. BCD d. more information is needed
b. DBC
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? a. DD b. Dd c. dd d. DI
b. Dd
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ________. Select one: a. the chromosomal theory of inheritance b. Mendel's law of independent assortment c. Mendel's principle of segregation d. linkage
b. Mendel's law of independent assortment
An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ________. a. the chromosomal theory of inheritance b. Mendel's law of independent assortment c. linkage d. Mendel s law of segregation
b. Mendel's law of independent assortment
This pedigree supports the fact that widow's peak is due to a dominant allele, because if it were due to a recessive allele and both parents show the recessive phenotype, then _______. a. none of the sones would have awidow's peak b. all of the offspring would have a widow's peak c. none of the daughters would have a widow's peak d. all of the daughters and none of the songs would have a widow's peak
b. all of the offspring would have a widow's peak
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________. Select one: a. gametes are diploid b. gametes have one allele copy for each gene c. more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele d. two alleles segregate into each gamete
b. gametes have one allele copy for each gene
Sex linked is Select one: a. only dominant genes on the Y chromosome b. genes located on the X chromosome c. characteristics carried that are inherited by men and women equally d. characteristics on autosomes influencing the sex chromosomes
b. genes located on the X chromosome
Crossover of linked and even non-linked genes causes Select one: a. mutations b. genetic recombination c. greater expression of dominant genes d. according to the evolutionist, less chances of survival
b. genetic recombination
In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polgenic. a. cystic fibrosis b. height c. blood-type d. sickle-cell disease
b. height
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______ and the allele for purple flowers is _______. a. heterozygotes, recessive b. heterozygotes, dominant c. homozygotes, recessive d. homozygotes, dominant
b. heterozygotes, dominant
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n)______. a. purebred variety b. hybrid c. P generation d. F2 generation
b. hybrid
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? Select one: a. wavy hair dominant to both straight and curly hair b. incomplete dominance c. codominance d. pleiotropy
b. incomplete dominance
An individual with naturally curly hair and an individual with naturally straight hair mate; all of their offspring have naturally wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? a. pleiotropy b. incomplete dominance c. wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair d. codominance
b. incomplete dominance
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ______. a. determined only by our genes b. influenced by both genes and environment c. determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people d. not affected by our genes
b. influenced by both genes and environment
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________. Select one: a. determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people b. influenced by both genes and the environment c. determined only by our genes d. not affected by our genes
b. influenced by both genes and the environment
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________. a. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis b. is a carrier c. will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis d. has cystic fibrosis
b. is a carrier
To determine the phenotype of individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________. a. expresses the dominant trait b. is homozygous recessive for that trait c. is homozygous dominant for that trait d. is heterozygous for that trait
b. is homozygous recessive for that trait
_______ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. a. codominant b. linked c. recessive d. pleiotropic
b. linked
An individual who is homozygous ________. Select one: a. expresses the dominant trait b. expresses the recessive trait c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene d. carries two different alleles for a gene
c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked? Select one: a. karyotype b. pedigree c. blood test d. DNA sequence
b. pedigree
Mendels chromosomal theory of inheritance combines these two laws Select one: a. homozygous and heterozygous b. segregation and independent assortment c. dominance and recessive d. phenotype and genotype ratios
b. segregation and independent assortment
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________. a. cannot be cross-fertilized b. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent c. produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized d. self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring
b. self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
In a table that shows the actual number of offspring that resulted from a dihybrid cross, the numbers do not show the predicted 9:3:3:1 ratio. One phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because _____. a. of errors in mitosis b. some of the alleles were linked c. some of the alleles were sex-linked d. of polygenic inheritance
b. some of the alleles were linked
The _____ is most commonly found in nature. a. recessive trait b. wild-type trait c. parental d. dominant trait
b. wild-type trait
A phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1 in the offspring of a cross indicates that _____. both parents are heterozygous for both genes one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is heterozygous one parent is heterozygous and one parent is homozygous recessive both parents are homozygous dominant one parent is homozygous dominant and one parent is homozygous recessive
both parents are heterozygous for both genes
Recombinant offspring were produced by the mating shown in the art above. What is the recombination frequency of purple round and red long offspring? a) 381 b) 21% c) 11% d) 21+21
c) 11%
Dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1000 offspring. What is the recombinant frequency of the 2 gene pairs? a) 1.5% b) 30% c) 3% d) 6%
c) 3%
Mary has the genotype ______. a) WW b) ww c) Ww d) more info is needed
c) Ww
To determine phenotype of an individual who expresses dom trait, you would cross that individual w/ an individual who _________. a) is homozygous dominant for that trait b) expresses the dominant trait c) is homo recessive for trait d) is hetero for that trait
c) is homo recessive for trait
Did not show the 9:3:3:1 ratio predicted, one phenotype occurred more than predicted; another occurred less. The reason could be because ________. a) some of the alleles were sex-linked b) errors in mitosis c) some of the alleles were linked d) polygenic inheritance
c) some of the alleles were linked
A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 x F1 cross? a. 1:2:1 b. 2:1 c. 3:1 d. 9:3:3:1
c. 3:1
Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
c. 50%
Mary has the genotype _________. a. WW b. ww c. Ww d. more information is needed
c. Ww
Alleles are described as _______. a. homologous chromosomes b. environmental factors that affect gene expression c. alternate versions of a gene d. alternate phenotypes
c. alternate versions of a gene
Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? a. testcross b. dihybrid c. amniocentesis d. pedigree analysis
c. amniocentesis
An individual who is homozygous _______. a. expresses the dominant trait b. carries two different alleles for a gene c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene d. expresses the recessive trait
c. carries two copies of the same allele for a gene
What is the expected results of a cross between a homo recessive woman and man with hypophosphatemia (linked to x chrom)? a) all of their sons and no daughters exhibit hypophosphate b) 25% of their offspring exhibit hypophosphate c) 50% of their daughter and 50% of their sons have it d) all their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypo
d) all their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypo
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? a) Alleles affect more than one trait b) trait exhibits continuous distribution c) phenotype of hetero falls between phenotype of the homos d) hetero expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
d) hetero expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes
The offspring are all _______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______. a) homo... dom b) hetero.... recessive c) homo... recessive d) hetero... dom
d) hetero... dom
Mating between a purebred purple flowered pea plant and a purebred white flowered pea plant would produce a(n) a) P gen b) purebred variety c) F2 gen d) hybrid
d) hybrid
____ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment? a) pleiotropic b) codominant c) recessive d) linked
d) linked
What is the best explanation for a BbCcxbbcc cross producing 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? a) polygenic inheritance b) incomplete dom c) codominance d) linked genes
d) linked genes
Best definition of a purebred plant is one that _______. a) cannot cross fertilize b) produce sterile offsprings when self fertilized c) self fertlizes to produce hybrid offspring d) self fertilize to produce offspring identical to parent
d) self fertilize to produce offspring identical to parent
Recombinant offspring were produced by mating. What is the recombination frequency of purple round and red long offspring? a. 21% b. 381 c. 21+21 d. 11%
d. 11%
Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? a. 1:2:1 b. 9:3:3:1 c. 3:1 d. 1:1:1:1
d. 1:1:1:1
In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? Select one: a. dd b. DI c. DD d. Dd
d. Dd
Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? Select one: a. Yes, if the man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. b. No, the expression of the trait skips a generation. c. Yes, if the woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. d. No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
d. No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).
What is the key to the recognition of codominance? Select one: a. The alleles affect more than one trait. b. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. c. The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes. d. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
d. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? Select one: a. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. b. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. c. The alleles affect more than one trait. d. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
d. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? Select one: a. A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of off springs expressing the dominant trait. b. Pleiotropy occurs. c. All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. d. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
d. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.
Janice's genotype is _______. a. Ww b. WW c. ww d. WW or Ww
d. WW or Ww
Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? Select one: a. dihybrid cross b. pedigree analysis c. testcross d. amniocentesis
d. amniocentesis
In plants, cross-fertilization Select one: a. introduces pollen from the same plant to its own carpel b. introduces the same genetic material to the next generation c. is carried out between entirely different species d. introduces pollen from a different plant to the carpel
d. introduces pollen from a different plant to the carpel
Linked genes are usually ______. a. found on the X chromosome b. found on the Y chromosome c. codominant d. located close together on a chromosome
d. located close together on a chromosome
Linked genes are shown in offspring traits when Select one: a. they reflect alleles on different chromosomes b. they yield the normal expected dihybrid results c. they demonstrate dominant and recessive d. they yield traits expressed together
d. they yield traits expressed together
A cross between two individuals with black eyes and green skin which results in an individual with orange eyes and white skin is an example of a _____ cross. difficult trihybrid monohybrid dihybrid test
dihybrid
GgTt pea plants can produce _____ type(s) of gamete(s), but a ggtt plant can produce _____ type(s) of gamete(s). four ... one two ... one one ... one one ... two four ... two
four ... one (GgTt individuals can produce the following gametes: GT, Gt, gT, gt. A ggtt plant can produce only gt.)
According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______. two alleles segregate into each gamete gametes are diploid gametes have one copy of each allele homologous chromosomes move to the same gamete more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele
gametes have one copy of each allele
In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic.
height
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______.
heterozygotes... dominant
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is
heterozygotes... dominant
Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ________, and the allele for purple flowers is ________.
heterozygotes... dominant
In a testcross, the unknown individual (with an unknown genotype) is always crossed with a(n) __________. heterozygous individual homozygous dominant individual homozygous recessive individual unknown genotype Wild-type individual
homozygous recessive individual
In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on __________. the phase of meiosis in which the crossing over occurs whether the genes are dominant or recessive whether the genes are on the X chromosome or not how far apart they are on the chromosome
how far apart they are on the chromosome
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce
hybrid
A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ________.
hybrid
The cross-fertilization of two different varieties of pea plants will produce a(n) _____. P generation hybrid individual homozygous for many different genes lethal gene F2 generation
hybrid
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?
incomplete dominance
An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? codominance straight hair and curly hair are sex-linked, but wavy hair is not incomplete dominance wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair pleiotropy
incomplete dominance
A red bull is crossed with a white cow and all of the offspring are roan, a shade between red and white. This is an example of genes that are _____. completely dominant codominant nonhomologous epistatic incompletely dominant
incompletely dominant
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are
influenced by both genes and the environment
Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________.
influenced by both genes and the environment
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis
is a carrier
An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________.
is a carrier
To determine the genotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______.
is homozygous recessive for that trait
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who
is homozygous recessive for that trait
To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ________.
is homozygous recessive for that trait
John, Jane, nor their respective parents have the disease. They consult a genetic counselor, who tells them that __________. John and Jane are planning a family, but each has a brother who has sickle-cell disease, so they are concerned that their children may develop sickle-cell disease. Neither John, Jane, nor their respective parents have the disease. They consult a genetic counselor, who tells them that __________. all of their children will have sickle-cell disease it is impossible to tell whether their children will have the disease one of four of their children can be expected to have sickle-cell disease it's possible that none of their children will have the disease, but tests on both of them will be required to make sure there is no chance that any of their children will have sickle-cell disease
it's possible that none of their children will have the disease, but tests on both of them will be required to make sure
What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio?
linked genes
Linked genes are usually ________
located close together on a chromosome
Linked genes are usually found on the Y chromosome. codominant. located close together on a chromosome. found on the X chromosome.
located close together on a chromosome.
What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? allele locus phenotype genotype chromaddress
locus
Color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait in humans that is located on the X chromosome. The color-blindness trait shows up only in males because __________. males have the XX combination the trait is Y-linked the X and Y chromosomes have different lengths males have the XY combination males have only a single X chromosome and thus no wild-type allele to offset the recessive allele
males have only a single X chromosome and thus no wild-type allele to offset the recessive allele
The ABO blood group in humans is an example of __________ producing four phenotypes. multiple alleles polygenic inheritance pleiotropy people with genetic disorders
multiple alleles
What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked?
pedigree
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of Marfan syndrome an example?
pleiotropy
Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______. a recessive disorder incomplete dominance codominance pleiotropy
pleiotropy
Which of the following is used to define a phenotypic characteristic resulting from the expression of two or more genes? incomplete dominance polygenic inheritance pleiotropy linked genes crossing over
polygenic inheritance
It is far more common to find human genetic disease caused by _____ alleles than by _____ alleles because _____. recessive ... dominant ... harmful recessive alleles can survive in the heterozygote without causing any adverse effects on the phenotype recessive ... dominant ... dominant alleles are more resistant to mutation recessive ... dominant ... even when homozygous, recessive alleles usually do not cause as much damage as dominant alleles dominant ... recessive ... individuals with dominant alleles have an advantage over individuals with recessive alleles dominant ... recessive ... dominant alleles became dominant because they aid the survival of the organism carrying them
recessive ... dominant ... harmful recessive alleles can survive in the heterozygote without causing any adverse effects on the phenotype
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that
self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ______.
self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ________.
self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent
Experience with dog breeding has taught geneticists ________.
that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed
What is the basis of Mendel's laws?
the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
What is the basis of Mendel's laws? the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic prophase the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis
the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
What is the basis of Mendel's laws? the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase
the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis
Why are human males much more likely than human females to inherit the recessive condition hemophilia (a failure of the blood to clot properly)? the hemophilia gene is carried on an autosome the gene for hemophilia is sex-linked the gene for hemophilia is carried on the Y chromosome hemophilia is the wild type
the gene for hemophilia is sex-linked
The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
wild-type trait
