Bio: Chapter 22
Which of the following statements about the interactions between the circulatory and respiratory systems is/are true? Select all that apply.
- The interactions between alveoli and capillaries allow for gas exchange to occur. - The ability of oxygen to be carried in the blood is largely mediated by the presence of the protein hemoglobin.
Which three statements are true of blood flowing through a capillary at the location marked by the green circle?
-The water surrounding the blood has a low concentration of oxygen. -Oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood. -Dissolved oxygen in the blood is lowest at this point.
A typical red blood cell contains about 270 million hemoglobin molecules. If one red blood cell bound the maximum amount of O2 as it passed through the lungs, how many molecules of oxygen could it theoretically carry to the tissues?
1,080 million
In this activity, you will place the key events of gas exchange in the correct sequence. To review the events of gas exchange, watch this BioFlix animation: Gas Exchange.
1. Breathing moves air out of our lungs 2. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs of capillaries 3. Oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to the protein hemoglobin 4. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissue to the blood. 5. Carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale
Mortality from cancers of the respiratory system increased by _____% from 1955 to 1970 (refer to the figure below).
100
What happens when the CO2 level from cellular respiration increases in the blood?
A decrease in pH triggers the brain's control center to increase respiratory rate.
Cells produce _______ via the process of _________ which is used to power cellular activity.
ATP, cellular respiration
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
Which of the following describes the path taken by oxygen-rich blood?
From the gills to the body tissues
Which statement is correct? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Which diagram best represents the efficient extraction of oxygen from water by the mechanism of countercurrent exchange?
In this diagram, an oxygen gradient exists along the entire length of the capillary.
During gas exchange, where does the CO2, which is released from the lungs, originate?
It is a waste product of cellular respiration.
Drag each label to the appropriate location on this diagram of the human respiratory system.
Left side: - Larynx - Lung - Bronchus - Bronchiole Right side: - Nasal cavity - Trachea - Diaphragm
Fetal hemoglobin binds _____.
O2 with a higher affinity than adult hemoglobin
Which of the following is an example of how the circulatory and respiratory systems work together?
Oxygen from the air we breathe is transported to skin cells by the blood.
Insects in flight have a higher metabolic rate than they do at rest and consume 10 to 200 times more O2 than when they are at rest. Despite this high energy expenditure, insects are able to generate extra energy while flying. What mechanism facilitates this?
The action of flight muscles pumps air through the tracheal system.
How does hemoglobin help to buffer the blood?
When carbonic acid dissociates, hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin.
Which animal would you expect to have the most efficient organs for gas exchange?
a saltwater fish living in the very warm Indian Ocean
Label the figure that shows "INHALATION" and the figure that shows "EXHALATION" in targets (a) and (b). Then drag the other labels to the appropriate locations on the figures.
a. INHALATION b. EXHALATION c. Rib muscles contract d. Air enters body e. Air leaves body f. Rib muscles relax g. Diaphragm contracts (moves down) h. Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
By picking up hydrogen ions, hemoglobin prevents the blood from becoming too _____.
acidic
Tiny sacs in the lungs involved in gas exchange are called _______.
alveoli
The journey from aquatic to terrestrial environments required adaptations. Which animals supplement the gas exchange that occurs through the lungs with gas exchange through the skin?
amphibians
When a baby is born, what stimulates it to take its first breath?
an increase in carbon dioxide levels and a decrease in the pH of the blood
Most carbon dioxide is carried from the body tissues to the lungs _____.
as bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -)
The arrow labeled (d) shows the flow of ________ within a lamella.
blood
The gas ________ is a waste product of cellular respiration and is exhaled into the environment.
carbon dioxide
Except in insects and some small or very thin animals, gases are transported through an animal's body by a __________.
circulatory system
The _______ transports substances to all cells of the body.
circulatory system
In the blood most of the oxygen that will be used in cellular respiration is carried from the lungs to the body tissues _____.
combined with hemoglobin
The arrow labeled (e) shows that the oxygen concentration in the water is ______
decreasing
Gas exchange between an organism and its environment takes place by _________.
diffusion
In the alveoli and lung capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged by means of _____.
diffusion
The downward arrows labeled (g) show the ______ from water to blood.
diffusion of oxygen
Which of the following organisms has no specialized respiratory structures?
earthworm
What is the function of the mucus that lines the human respiratory system?
entrapment of contaminants
Aquatic animals often exchange gases through _________, which are extensions of the body surface.
gills
The protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells is ______.
hemoglobin
The arrow labeled (f) shows that the oxygen concentration in the blood is ________.
increasing
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
larynx
Most terrestrial vertebrates have __________ , which are internal, subdivided sacs lined with moist epithelium.
lungs
Countercurrent exchange, which occurs in the gills of fish, _____.
maintains a concentration gradient that enhances diffusion of O2
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
nasal cavity
The gas _______ is inhaled and transported to the cells of the body; it is required for normal cellular function.
oxygen
Which of the following molecules is needed for cellular respiration to occur?
oxygen
The blood vessel labeled (a) carries _______ blood.
oxygen-poor
The blood vessel labeled (b) carries _______ blood.
oxygen-rich
Breathing in mammals is controlled by the _____, which monitors _____.
region of the brain called medulla oblongata; blood pH
A __________ is usually a thin, moist layer of cells that provides a large surface area for gas exchange with the environment.
respiratory surface
The ______ serves to exchange gases with the environment.
respiratory system
In earthworms, gas exchange occurs in the _____.
skin
Earthworms are _________--their entire outer body surface functions in gas exchange.
skin-breathers
What is required to ensure that the gas exchange mechanism shown below continues to work effectively?
surfactants
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
In order for gas exchange to occur, a respiratory surface must be _____.
thin and moist
A series of air tubes that branch throughout the body describes which gas exchange system?
tracheae
________ are the respiratory structures of insects. These networks of finely branched air tubes extend throughout the body, allowing for gas exchange directly with body cells.
tracheal systems
The maximum amount of air a person can inhale and exhale is called _____.
vital capacity
The arrows labeled (c) show the flow of ________ between the lamellae.
water
