Bio Chapter 4 terms

4 basic functions of structures and functions of Eukaryotic cells

-- Genetic: The nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell. -- Manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules: The endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules. -- Energy processing: Mitochondria in all cells and chloroplasts in plant cells are involved in energy processing. -- Structural support, movement, and communication: between cells are functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall.

Phospoholipids

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Nucleus

A cell's command center. - Contains a cell's genetic instructions encoded in DNA - Controls the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA).

Nuclear Envelope

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. Helps in the movement of different elements within the cell. Is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Lysosomes

A membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes - made by rough ER - processed in the Golgi apparatus - fuse with food vacuoles and digest food - attacks the foreign or disease-causing agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, food and old organelles and break them into small pieces that can hopefully be used again -- recycling. - These organelles are present in all animal cells and absent in plant cells.

Nucleolus

A prominent structure in the nucleus consisting of RNA and protein and the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized according to the instructions of the DNA. - It is present in nucleus of both plant cell and animal cell.

Centrosomes

An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles. They play a vital role in cell division or in the cell cycle. Centrosomes are present only in animal cells and are absent in plant cells.

Chromatin

Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm. Contains thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism and crowded with ribosomes making proteins. Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Nucleoid

Found in a prokaryotic cell (nucleus-like) and contains the coiled DNA of the cell.

cell wall

It helps in protecting the plasma membrane and plays a vital role in supporting and protecting the cells. It is a thick outer layer made of tough cellulose. Cell walls are present in plant cells and are absent in animal cells.

Nuclear membrane

It is a double layered, which surrounds the nucleus and helps in the entry and exits of material into the nucleus. It also separates the nucleus from the other parts of the cell.

Endoplasmic reticulum

It is the largest component of the endomembrane system. It helps in movement of materials around a cell. Its main functions are storage and secretion. There are two types: Rough ER and Smooth ER

Rough ER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum - it manufactures secretory proteins (Example: insulin) and grows additional membrane for itself by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane. It is rough because it has bound ribosomes that stud the outer surface of its membrane.

Smooth ER

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - involved in a variety of metabolic processes. Enzyme production to synthesize lipids, oils, phospholipids and steroids. In the LIVER enzymes help to process drugs, alcohol, etc. Storage of calcium ions used in contraction of the cell It is smooth because it lacks ribosomes

stroma

The inner membrane of chloroplast -- a thick fluid which contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, many enzymes, and a network of interconnected sacs called thylakoids - where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy.

Mitochondria

The organelles that convert energy into usable forms, which are used by the cell to perform their cellular functions. Mitochondria play a vital role in: • The most important function of the mitochondria is to produce energy. • It converts glucose to ATP. • Helps in cellular respiration. • It synthesizes ATP from the breakdown of sugars, fats and other fuels in the presence of oxygen. • It plays a vital role in oxidative phosphorylation.

Chloroplast

The photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae. Partitioned into 2 compartments - an inner and outer membrane. • inner membrane contains: stroma and thylakoids - where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy. o Granums - thylakoids stacked like poker chips

Vacuoles

They are vesicles that helps in the digestion. They are present both in plant cells and in animal cells. In plant cells it helps in maintaining its shape. It also stores water, stockpiles vital chemicals and may act as a trash can, safely storing toxic waste products

plasma membrane

Traffic cop regulating the flow of material into and out of the cell. Is extremely thin and forms a flexible boundary between a living cell and its surroundings. Separates life from nonlife, It is also called as cell membrane. It acts as a protective barrier.

Thylakoids

Where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy. Contain granums -- thylakoids stacked like poker chips

Eukaryotic Chromosomes

a gene carrying structure found in the nucleus and most visible during mitosis and meiosis

Centrioles

a minute cylindrical organelle located in the centrosome (near the nucleus in animal cells), occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Prokaryotic Cells

bacteria and archaea -- Smaller and simpler structures. DNA is coiled into a region called the nucleoid (nucleus-like) and no membrane surrounds the DNA.

photosynthesis

is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules.

2 distinct types of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic Cells

protists, fungi, plants and animals; distinguished by having: -- a membrane-enclosed nucleus -- many membrane-enclosed organelles (Little organs) that perform specific functions. -- has 4 basic structures and functions

Golgi Apperatus

serves as a molecular warehouse and processing station for products manufactured by the ER - Italian scientist Camillo Golgi discovered this organelle in 1898 GOLGI apparatus receiving, processing and shipping products: 1. Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. One side of the Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for transport vesicles produced by the ER 2. A vesicle fuses with a golgi sac, adding its membrane and contents to the "receiving side." 3. Products of the ER are modified as a Golgi sac progresses through the stack. 4. The "shipping" side of the Golgi functions as a depot, where products in vesicles bud off and travel to other sites.

Protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Prokaryotic Chromosomes

the main gene carrying structure

Ribosomes

tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes. These organelles are present in all animal cells and absent in plant cells.