Bio Chapter 7

a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

endocytosis

3. The network of cell membranes that is interconnected by vesicles budding off and fusing is called the _____. A. endomembrane system B. exomembrane system C. cytoskeleton D. nuclear membrane E. endoplasmic reticulum

endomembrane system

Which one of the following eukaryotic cell structures does not contain DNA? A. nucleus B. mitochondrion C. endoplasmic reticulum D. chloroplast

endoplasmic reticulum

the condition that exists when the diffusion of a particular substance is complete

equilibrium

If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(an) _____. A. plant B. eukaryote C. animal D. prokaryote

eukaryote

4. When a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell, this process is called _____. A. endocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. pinocytosis D. exocytosis E. phagocytosis

exocytosis

a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by expelling them in an energy-using process

exocytosis

Chloroplasts function

filled with chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place

Hooke's cell theory contribution

first to observe cells (cork)

If a more concentrated salt solution is on one side of a membrane and a less concentrated salt solution is on the other side, water molecules tend to pass through the membrane _____. A. from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution B. from the more concentrated to the less concentrated solution C. equally in both directions D. until the cell membrane is broken down

from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution

Some proteins are found in the plasma membrane. What part of the protein is within the membrane itself? A. hydrophilic region B. hydroponic region C. hydrophobic region D. hydrocoel region

hydrophobic region

_____ - more molecules outside the cell than inside

hypertonic

_____ - more molecules inside the cell than outside

hypotonic

Which of the following is not an accurate description of a chromosome? A. it is a colored body localized in the nucleus B. it is a protein and nucleic acid complex C. it is the cellular structure that contains the genetic material D. in eukaryotes, it is composed of many DNA molecules attached end to end

in eukaryotes, it is composed of many DNA molecules attached end to end

In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the _____. A. cell membrane B. organelle C. nucleolus D. nucleus

nucleus

Of the following, the term that includes all the others is _____. A. nucleolus B. nuclear envelope C. nucleus D. chromosome

nucleus

where can nucleic acids be found?

nucleus

where is chromatin located?

nucleus

What is in a eukaryote that isn't in a prokaryote?

nucleus, organelles

Leeuwenhoek's cell theory contribution

observed small living organisms in pond water

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as _____. A. exocytosis B. phagocytosis C. endocytosis D. osmosis

osmosis

_____ is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable memberane

osmosis

Osmosis and diffusion are examples of _____ _____.

passive transport

_____ _____ - no energy required by cells to move the molecules

passive transport

Cell specialization means that cells in an organism are uniquely suited to _____. A. carry on reproduction B. respond to changing conditions C. react with the environment D. perform a specific function

perform a specific function

the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome

phagocytosis

cell membrane is made up of _____ _____

phospholipid bilayers

What can be found in a cell membrane?

phospholipids (lipids), proteins, carbohydrates

otherwise known as cell drinking or fluid endocytosis, _____ is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles.

pinocytosis

What is the simplest level of packing of the eukaryotic chromosome? A. the nucleolus B. the nucleoid C. the nucleosome D. the nucleoplasm

the nucleosome

Which of the following does not apply to chloroplasts? A. they contain chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis B. they contain an internal membrane system consisting of thylakoids C. they synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate) D. they are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the cristae

they are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the cristae

Attached Ribosomes function

transfer proteins

Rough ER function

transports proteins

what do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

What are advantages of multi-cellular organisms?

"division of labor", organ systems

Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for rapid water transport? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an ATP-powered pump E. a channel protein

a channel protein

8. What is a G-protein? A. a protein whose name begins with the letter G B. a cytoplasmic enzyme that synthesizes GTP C. a membrane-bound signaling protein that is activated by binding GTP D. a membrane hormone receptor for G hormones

a membrane-bound signaling protein that is activated by binding GTP

Name the cell structure that helps prevent damage to certain cells when they are subjected to high osmotic pressure.

cell wall

Which two organelles occur in plant cells but not animal cells?

cell walls and chloroplasts

Use an example to describe the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems (muscle cells form muscle tissues, muscle tissues form the stomach, stomach helps in digestive system)

Steps to organ systems

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

what does an animal cell have that plant cells do not?

centrioles, lysosomes

5. Which of the following substances is most likely to be brought into a cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis? A. glucose B. cholesterol bound to a protein ligand C. water D. a sodium ion E. an amino acid

cholesterol bound to a protein ligand

Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called _____. A. ribosomes B. chromosomes C. nuclei D. mitochondria

chromosomes

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is complexed with protein and organized into linear structures called _____. A. centrioles B. histones C. chromosomes D. plasmids

chromosomes

A centriole is an organelle that is _____. A. present in the center of a cell's cytoplasm B. composed of microtubules and important for organizing the spindle fibers C. surrounded by a membrane D. part of a chromosome

composed of microtubules and important for organizing the spindle fibers

the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution

concentration

Schwann's cell theory contribution

concluded all animals are made of cells

Schleiden's cell theory contribution

concluded all plants are made of cells

chromatin function

contains DNA and condenses to form chromosomes

Nucleus function

contains DNA, in charge of all cell functions

Cell Wall function

covers outside of plants cell, provides support and structure

_____ - the process by which cells undergo shrinkage

crenation

What similarities do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA

The _____ is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The _____ is also involved in movement

cytoskeleton

what three "carbons of life" can be found in cell membranes?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

All cells contain a _____. A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. nucleus D. mitochondrion

cell membrane

Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a _____. A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. mitochondrion D. nucleus

cell membrane

_____ is the movement of molecules from areas where they are highly concentrated to areas where they are not highly concentrated until they have an equal concentration

diffusion

a process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

diffusion

what temperature is absolute zero

-273˚K

Smooth ER function

moves fats

What is in a prokaryote that isn't in an eukaryote?

nothing

What is the difference between active transport (AT) and facilitated diffusion (FD)? A. AT requires protein carriers; FD does not B. AT requires energy; FD does not C. AT requires a concentration gradient; FD does not D. AT requires a membrane; FD does not E. all of the above

AT requires energy; FD does not

Glucose

C6H12O6

Which of the following substances normally fails to cross cell membranes under any circumstances? A. water B. DNA C. a fatty acid D. ethanol (ethyl alcohol) E. oxygen gas

DNA

Lysosomes are formed by budding from which cellular organelle? A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. nucleus

Golgi apparatus

The cell structure that attaches carbohydrates to protein molecules is the _____. A. mitochondrion B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosome D. ribosome

Golgi apparatus

1. Which cell component consists of a stack of smooth membrane elements, through which newly synthesized proteins travel by vesicles budding off and fusing while they are being chemically modified and targeted for export or other destinations? A. cytoplasm B. cell membrane C. Golgi body D. SER E. RER

Golgi body

2. What is the correct sequence of membrane compartments through which a secretory protein moves from synthesis to release from the cell? A. SER → Golgi → RER → cell membrane B. cell membrane → Golgi → RER → SER C. RER → Golgi → cell membrane → SER D. Golgi → RER → SER → cell membrane E. RER → SER → Golgi → cell membrane

RER → SER → Golgi → cell membrane

The idea that all cells arise from the division of preexisting cells was first stated by _____ A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Rudolf Virchow C. Robert Hooke D. Robert Brown

Rudolf Virchow

What does the root hyper mean?

above

_____ _____ is where all molecular movement stops

absolute zero

_____ _____ - the cell has to use ATP to gain materials (sodium/potassium pumps)

active transport

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

Cell Theory

all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells can only be produced from existing cells

Uniporters are _____. A. proteins B. facilitated diffusion carriers C. often used to transport amino acids and sugars within the human body D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following substances requires a protein carrier in order to cross a membrane? A. water B. glucose C. sodium ion D. an amino acid E. all of the above

all of the above

Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for the creation of Na+ and K+ gradients across the membrane of animal cells? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an ATP-powered pump E. a channel protein

an ATP-powered pump

Through which type of membrane carrier does one substance move "downhill" into the cell while another substance is being moved "uphill" out of the cell? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an APT-powered pump E. a channel protein

an antiporter

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is _____. A. an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached B. an intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures C. a membranous structure found within mitochondria D. only found in prokaryotic cells

an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached

Kingdom of Living Things

animals, plants, monerans, fungi, protista

A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move _____. A. away from the area of equilibrium B. away from the area where it is less concentrated C. away from the area where it is more concentrated D. toward the area where it is more concentrated

away from the area where it is more concentrated

What does the root hypo mean?

below

All peroxisomes carry out this function: _____. A. break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production by mitochondria B. digest macromolecules using the hydrolytic enzymes they contain C. synthesize membrane components such as fatty acids and phospholipids D. control the flow of ions into and out of the cell

break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production by mitochondria

A hypotonic solution is one whose concentration _____. A. is equal to that inside a cell B. is greater than that inside a cell C. is less than that inside a cell

is less than that inside a cell

During surgery, exposed tissues are moistened with sterile Ringer's solution to prevent shrinkage or lysis of the cells. Ringer's solution must be ___________ relative to cells in the tissue. A. hypotonic B. isotonic C. hypertonic

isotonic

_____ - same amount of molecules on both sides

isotonic

Which of the following statements does not apply to the nuclear envelope? A. it is a double membrane B. it has pores through which material enters and leaves C. it is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum D. it has infoldings to form cristae

it has infoldings to form cristae

Which of the following statements about the cell membrane is CORRECT? A. It prevents the exit of all materials from the cell. B. It has a rigid structure composed of cellulose. C. It is a two-layered structure composed of lipids and proteins. D. It is a fluid-filled organelle that surrounds the nucleolus.

it is a two-layered structure composed of lipids and proteins

Cell membranes are constructed mainly of _____. A. lipid bilayers B. protein pumps C. carbohydrate gates D. free-moving proteins

lipid bilayers

Virchow's cell theory contribution

living things only come from living things

Cell _____ is a process in which a cell is broken down or destroyed by an external force.

lysis

_____ - the process by which cell undergo swelling

lysis

_____ are small organelles filled with enzymes. One function of _____ is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.

lysosomes

how do you calculate concentration?

mass/volume

what two parts make up the cytoskeleton?

microfilament and microtubules

_____ are threadlike structures made of a protein called actin. They form extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.

microfilaments

_____ are hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. In many cells, they play critical roles in maintaining cell shape.

microtubules

what two organelles contain their own DNA, other than the nucleus?

mitochondria and choloplasts

Which organelle converts the chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use? A. nucleolus B. chromosome C. mitochondrion D. chloroplast

mitochondrion

6. Which two processes are most similar, differing only in the size of materials that are brought into the cell? A. exocytosis and endocytosis B. pinocytosis and phagocytosis C. receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis E. exocytosis and pinocytosis

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Plasmolysis occurs when a(n) ____________ cell is immersed in a ____________ solution. A. plant; pure water B. plant; 3X saline C. animal; pure water D. animal; 3X saline

plant; 3X saline

10. Which type of specialized junction allows plant cells to coordinate metabolic activity by providing channels for the passage of small molecules? A. gap junction B. plasmodesmata C. desmosome D. electron transport E. tight junction

plasmodesmata

a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them

plasmodesmata

Which is it called when water rushes out of a plant cell, causing it to shrink?

plasmolysis

Free Ribosomes function

produce proteins

Centrioles function

produce spindle fibers during cell division

Mitochondrion function

produces energy in the form of ATP

Nucleolus function

produces ribosomes

Which organisms are composed of cells that do not contain nuclei? A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. animals D. plants

prokaryotes

11. Which statement best describes the function of a desmosome? A. provides spots of rigid attachment between cells and anchors fibers of the cytoskeleton B. allows the exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent animal cells C. allows the exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent plant cells D. provides watertight coupling between the surfaces of adjacent cells

provides spots of rigid attachment between cells and anchors fibers of the cytoskeleton

7. Which process results in the formation of cage-shaped clathrin-coated vesicles? A. phagocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. pinocytosis D. exocytosis

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Cell Membrane function

regulates what gets in and out of the cell (semipermeable)

What is an advantage of one-celled organisms?

requires less energy

What does the root iso mean?

same

9. What term is most appropriately used to describe the process by which a hormone bound to the extracellular face of a membrane causes the activation of enzyme activity inside the cell through the intermediary of at least one more membrane-bound protein? A. hormone synthesis B. membrane enzymology B. transcription D. signal transduction E. receptor-mediated endocytosis

signal transduction

A tissue is composed of a group of _____. A. similar cells B. related organelles C. organ systems D. related organs

similar cells

Golgi Apparatus function

sorts/packages proteins and POSSIBLY lipids

All of the following are types of tissues EXCEPT _____. A. muscle B. fat C. stomach D. blood

stomach

Vacuole function

stores water

Which of the following statements regarding membrane transport is false? A. polar and charged solutes will not cross cell membranes effectively without specific protein carriers B. each protein carrier will only bind and transport one (or at most a few very similar) type of solute C. sugars such as glucose are always transported by active transport rather than by facilitated diffusion carriers D. large molecules, such as proteins, usually are not transported across cell membranes E. ions are typically transported by special proteins that form membrane channels

sugars such as glucose are always transported by active transport rather than by facilitated diffusion carriers

Nuclear Envelope function

surrounds nucleus, regulates what gets in and out

_____ is the measure of how fast/slow molecules are moving.

temperature

what is the only substance that carries out osmosis?

water