Bio Chapter 7
a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
endocytosis
3. The network of cell membranes that is interconnected by vesicles budding off and fusing is called the _____. A. endomembrane system B. exomembrane system C. cytoskeleton D. nuclear membrane E. endoplasmic reticulum
endomembrane system
Which one of the following eukaryotic cell structures does not contain DNA? A. nucleus B. mitochondrion C. endoplasmic reticulum D. chloroplast
endoplasmic reticulum
the condition that exists when the diffusion of a particular substance is complete
equilibrium
If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is a(an) _____. A. plant B. eukaryote C. animal D. prokaryote
eukaryote
4. When a cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell, this process is called _____. A. endocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. pinocytosis D. exocytosis E. phagocytosis
exocytosis
a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell by expelling them in an energy-using process
exocytosis
Chloroplasts function
filled with chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place
Hooke's cell theory contribution
first to observe cells (cork)
If a more concentrated salt solution is on one side of a membrane and a less concentrated salt solution is on the other side, water molecules tend to pass through the membrane _____. A. from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution B. from the more concentrated to the less concentrated solution C. equally in both directions D. until the cell membrane is broken down
from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution
Some proteins are found in the plasma membrane. What part of the protein is within the membrane itself? A. hydrophilic region B. hydroponic region C. hydrophobic region D. hydrocoel region
hydrophobic region
_____ - more molecules outside the cell than inside
hypertonic
_____ - more molecules inside the cell than outside
hypotonic
Which of the following is not an accurate description of a chromosome? A. it is a colored body localized in the nucleus B. it is a protein and nucleic acid complex C. it is the cellular structure that contains the genetic material D. in eukaryotes, it is composed of many DNA molecules attached end to end
in eukaryotes, it is composed of many DNA molecules attached end to end
In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the _____. A. cell membrane B. organelle C. nucleolus D. nucleus
nucleus
Of the following, the term that includes all the others is _____. A. nucleolus B. nuclear envelope C. nucleus D. chromosome
nucleus
where can nucleic acids be found?
nucleus
where is chromatin located?
nucleus
What is in a eukaryote that isn't in a prokaryote?
nucleus, organelles
Leeuwenhoek's cell theory contribution
observed small living organisms in pond water
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as _____. A. exocytosis B. phagocytosis C. endocytosis D. osmosis
osmosis
_____ is diffusion of water through a selectively permeable memberane
osmosis
Osmosis and diffusion are examples of _____ _____.
passive transport
_____ _____ - no energy required by cells to move the molecules
passive transport
Cell specialization means that cells in an organism are uniquely suited to _____. A. carry on reproduction B. respond to changing conditions C. react with the environment D. perform a specific function
perform a specific function
the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome
phagocytosis
cell membrane is made up of _____ _____
phospholipid bilayers
What can be found in a cell membrane?
phospholipids (lipids), proteins, carbohydrates
otherwise known as cell drinking or fluid endocytosis, _____ is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles.
pinocytosis
What is the simplest level of packing of the eukaryotic chromosome? A. the nucleolus B. the nucleoid C. the nucleosome D. the nucleoplasm
the nucleosome
Which of the following does not apply to chloroplasts? A. they contain chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis B. they contain an internal membrane system consisting of thylakoids C. they synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate) D. they are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the cristae
they are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the cristae
Attached Ribosomes function
transfer proteins
Rough ER function
transports proteins
what do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts
What are advantages of multi-cellular organisms?
"division of labor", organ systems
Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for rapid water transport? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an ATP-powered pump E. a channel protein
a channel protein
8. What is a G-protein? A. a protein whose name begins with the letter G B. a cytoplasmic enzyme that synthesizes GTP C. a membrane-bound signaling protein that is activated by binding GTP D. a membrane hormone receptor for G hormones
a membrane-bound signaling protein that is activated by binding GTP
Name the cell structure that helps prevent damage to certain cells when they are subjected to high osmotic pressure.
cell wall
Which two organelles occur in plant cells but not animal cells?
cell walls and chloroplasts
Use an example to describe the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems (muscle cells form muscle tissues, muscle tissues form the stomach, stomach helps in digestive system)
Steps to organ systems
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
what does an animal cell have that plant cells do not?
centrioles, lysosomes
5. Which of the following substances is most likely to be brought into a cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis? A. glucose B. cholesterol bound to a protein ligand C. water D. a sodium ion E. an amino acid
cholesterol bound to a protein ligand
Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are called _____. A. ribosomes B. chromosomes C. nuclei D. mitochondria
chromosomes
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is complexed with protein and organized into linear structures called _____. A. centrioles B. histones C. chromosomes D. plasmids
chromosomes
A centriole is an organelle that is _____. A. present in the center of a cell's cytoplasm B. composed of microtubules and important for organizing the spindle fibers C. surrounded by a membrane D. part of a chromosome
composed of microtubules and important for organizing the spindle fibers
the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution
concentration
Schwann's cell theory contribution
concluded all animals are made of cells
Schleiden's cell theory contribution
concluded all plants are made of cells
chromatin function
contains DNA and condenses to form chromosomes
Nucleus function
contains DNA, in charge of all cell functions
Cell Wall function
covers outside of plants cell, provides support and structure
_____ - the process by which cells undergo shrinkage
crenation
What similarities do prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?
cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA
The _____ is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The _____ is also involved in movement
cytoskeleton
what three "carbons of life" can be found in cell membranes?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
All cells contain a _____. A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. nucleus D. mitochondrion
cell membrane
Despite differences in size and shape, all cells have cytoplasm and a _____. A. cell wall B. cell membrane C. mitochondrion D. nucleus
cell membrane
_____ is the movement of molecules from areas where they are highly concentrated to areas where they are not highly concentrated until they have an equal concentration
diffusion
a process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
diffusion
what temperature is absolute zero
-273˚K
Smooth ER function
moves fats
What is in a prokaryote that isn't in an eukaryote?
nothing
What is the difference between active transport (AT) and facilitated diffusion (FD)? A. AT requires protein carriers; FD does not B. AT requires energy; FD does not C. AT requires a concentration gradient; FD does not D. AT requires a membrane; FD does not E. all of the above
AT requires energy; FD does not
Glucose
C6H12O6
Which of the following substances normally fails to cross cell membranes under any circumstances? A. water B. DNA C. a fatty acid D. ethanol (ethyl alcohol) E. oxygen gas
DNA
Lysosomes are formed by budding from which cellular organelle? A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. rough endoplasmic reticulum D. nucleus
Golgi apparatus
The cell structure that attaches carbohydrates to protein molecules is the _____. A. mitochondrion B. Golgi apparatus C. lysosome D. ribosome
Golgi apparatus
1. Which cell component consists of a stack of smooth membrane elements, through which newly synthesized proteins travel by vesicles budding off and fusing while they are being chemically modified and targeted for export or other destinations? A. cytoplasm B. cell membrane C. Golgi body D. SER E. RER
Golgi body
2. What is the correct sequence of membrane compartments through which a secretory protein moves from synthesis to release from the cell? A. SER → Golgi → RER → cell membrane B. cell membrane → Golgi → RER → SER C. RER → Golgi → cell membrane → SER D. Golgi → RER → SER → cell membrane E. RER → SER → Golgi → cell membrane
RER → SER → Golgi → cell membrane
The idea that all cells arise from the division of preexisting cells was first stated by _____ A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek B. Rudolf Virchow C. Robert Hooke D. Robert Brown
Rudolf Virchow
What does the root hyper mean?
above
_____ _____ is where all molecular movement stops
absolute zero
_____ _____ - the cell has to use ATP to gain materials (sodium/potassium pumps)
active transport
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, new cells can only be produced from existing cells
Uniporters are _____. A. proteins B. facilitated diffusion carriers C. often used to transport amino acids and sugars within the human body D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following substances requires a protein carrier in order to cross a membrane? A. water B. glucose C. sodium ion D. an amino acid E. all of the above
all of the above
Which type of membrane carrier is responsible for the creation of Na+ and K+ gradients across the membrane of animal cells? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an ATP-powered pump E. a channel protein
an ATP-powered pump
Through which type of membrane carrier does one substance move "downhill" into the cell while another substance is being moved "uphill" out of the cell? A. a uniporter B. a symporter C. an antiporter D. an APT-powered pump E. a channel protein
an antiporter
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is _____. A. an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached B. an intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures C. a membranous structure found within mitochondria D. only found in prokaryotic cells
an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached
Kingdom of Living Things
animals, plants, monerans, fungi, protista
A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move _____. A. away from the area of equilibrium B. away from the area where it is less concentrated C. away from the area where it is more concentrated D. toward the area where it is more concentrated
away from the area where it is more concentrated
What does the root hypo mean?
below
All peroxisomes carry out this function: _____. A. break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production by mitochondria B. digest macromolecules using the hydrolytic enzymes they contain C. synthesize membrane components such as fatty acids and phospholipids D. control the flow of ions into and out of the cell
break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production by mitochondria
A hypotonic solution is one whose concentration _____. A. is equal to that inside a cell B. is greater than that inside a cell C. is less than that inside a cell
is less than that inside a cell
During surgery, exposed tissues are moistened with sterile Ringer's solution to prevent shrinkage or lysis of the cells. Ringer's solution must be ___________ relative to cells in the tissue. A. hypotonic B. isotonic C. hypertonic
isotonic
_____ - same amount of molecules on both sides
isotonic
Which of the following statements does not apply to the nuclear envelope? A. it is a double membrane B. it has pores through which material enters and leaves C. it is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum D. it has infoldings to form cristae
it has infoldings to form cristae
Which of the following statements about the cell membrane is CORRECT? A. It prevents the exit of all materials from the cell. B. It has a rigid structure composed of cellulose. C. It is a two-layered structure composed of lipids and proteins. D. It is a fluid-filled organelle that surrounds the nucleolus.
it is a two-layered structure composed of lipids and proteins
Cell membranes are constructed mainly of _____. A. lipid bilayers B. protein pumps C. carbohydrate gates D. free-moving proteins
lipid bilayers
Virchow's cell theory contribution
living things only come from living things
Cell _____ is a process in which a cell is broken down or destroyed by an external force.
lysis
_____ - the process by which cell undergo swelling
lysis
_____ are small organelles filled with enzymes. One function of _____ is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
lysosomes
how do you calculate concentration?
mass/volume
what two parts make up the cytoskeleton?
microfilament and microtubules
_____ are threadlike structures made of a protein called actin. They form extensive networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.
microfilaments
_____ are hollow structures made up of proteins known as tubulins. In many cells, they play critical roles in maintaining cell shape.
microtubules
what two organelles contain their own DNA, other than the nucleus?
mitochondria and choloplasts
Which organelle converts the chemical energy in food into a form that cells can use? A. nucleolus B. chromosome C. mitochondrion D. chloroplast
mitochondrion
6. Which two processes are most similar, differing only in the size of materials that are brought into the cell? A. exocytosis and endocytosis B. pinocytosis and phagocytosis C. receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis D. receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis E. exocytosis and pinocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Plasmolysis occurs when a(n) ____________ cell is immersed in a ____________ solution. A. plant; pure water B. plant; 3X saline C. animal; pure water D. animal; 3X saline
plant; 3X saline
10. Which type of specialized junction allows plant cells to coordinate metabolic activity by providing channels for the passage of small molecules? A. gap junction B. plasmodesmata C. desmosome D. electron transport E. tight junction
plasmodesmata
a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them
plasmodesmata
Which is it called when water rushes out of a plant cell, causing it to shrink?
plasmolysis
Free Ribosomes function
produce proteins
Centrioles function
produce spindle fibers during cell division
Mitochondrion function
produces energy in the form of ATP
Nucleolus function
produces ribosomes
Which organisms are composed of cells that do not contain nuclei? A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. animals D. plants
prokaryotes
11. Which statement best describes the function of a desmosome? A. provides spots of rigid attachment between cells and anchors fibers of the cytoskeleton B. allows the exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent animal cells C. allows the exchange of small molecules and ions between adjacent plant cells D. provides watertight coupling between the surfaces of adjacent cells
provides spots of rigid attachment between cells and anchors fibers of the cytoskeleton
7. Which process results in the formation of cage-shaped clathrin-coated vesicles? A. phagocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. pinocytosis D. exocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Cell Membrane function
regulates what gets in and out of the cell (semipermeable)
What is an advantage of one-celled organisms?
requires less energy
What does the root iso mean?
same
9. What term is most appropriately used to describe the process by which a hormone bound to the extracellular face of a membrane causes the activation of enzyme activity inside the cell through the intermediary of at least one more membrane-bound protein? A. hormone synthesis B. membrane enzymology B. transcription D. signal transduction E. receptor-mediated endocytosis
signal transduction
A tissue is composed of a group of _____. A. similar cells B. related organelles C. organ systems D. related organs
similar cells
Golgi Apparatus function
sorts/packages proteins and POSSIBLY lipids
All of the following are types of tissues EXCEPT _____. A. muscle B. fat C. stomach D. blood
stomach
Vacuole function
stores water
Which of the following statements regarding membrane transport is false? A. polar and charged solutes will not cross cell membranes effectively without specific protein carriers B. each protein carrier will only bind and transport one (or at most a few very similar) type of solute C. sugars such as glucose are always transported by active transport rather than by facilitated diffusion carriers D. large molecules, such as proteins, usually are not transported across cell membranes E. ions are typically transported by special proteins that form membrane channels
sugars such as glucose are always transported by active transport rather than by facilitated diffusion carriers
Nuclear Envelope function
surrounds nucleus, regulates what gets in and out
_____ is the measure of how fast/slow molecules are moving.
temperature
what is the only substance that carries out osmosis?
water