Chemistry Exam 1; Hydrocarbons-Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics

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Physical Properties of Alkenes

1. Insoluble in water 2. Soluble in nonpolar solvents 3. Lower density than water 4. Lower melting point than Alkanes

Symmetrical Addition

Hydrogenation and Halogenation

Unsymmetrical Addition

Hydrohalogenation and Hydration

Positional Isomers

Same carbon arrangement but hydrogens are arranged differently because of the placement of the double bond.

Halogenation is an example of a ___________ reaction. This is the only type of _________ reaction that alkanes can do.

Substitution

Skeletal Isomers

Cis and trans isomer

Two types of reactions for alkanes

1. Combustion 2. Halogenation

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

1 or more multiple bonds

Alkanes end in _____.

-ane

Alkene's end in ______.

-ene

Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons

1. Not soluble in water 2. Less dense than water 3. The larger the structure the higher the boiling point, because there are more bonds to break.

Terpenes

A hydrocarbon chain with two or more 5-carbon isoprene units.

AlCl3 is a catalyst of this type of reaction.

Alkylation

Saturated hydrocarbons

All single bonds

________ __________ are the only hydrocarbons that can undergo alkylation.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Napthalene

Bad smelling mothball

Example of Terpenes

Betacarotene; found in carrots.

Ethylene (ethene)

C2H4, Ch2=Ch2. Ripens fruit faster.

Propylene(propene)

C3H6, CH2=CH-CH3.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Chains of hydrogen and carbon without all single bonds.

Alkene formula

CnH(2n-2)

Xylene

Common name for isomers of dimethylbenzene.

What is the smallest cycloalkane?

Cyclopropane

Benzene has______ bonds. Which are...?

Delocalized bonds; Covalent bond in which electrons are shared among more than 2 atoms.

Rules of naming Alkenes

End in -ene Largest chain with double bond # closest to the double bond Give position of the double bond If multiple double bonds; -diene, -triene, -tetrene Cyclo- == bond is always between C1 and C2, but is not written. Cyclo- multiple double bonds; lowest number possible

The diatomics of a halogenation reaction will be;

F2, Br2, Cl2, I2.

Steps of naming alkanes

Find the longest carbon chain # the carbon chain name alkyl groups What? Where? How many? Alphabetize #,# #-word

Purpose of Pheromones

Gives off signals by insects/animals during mating season.

Ortho-xylene

On carbons 1 and 2

Meta-xylene

On carbons 1 and 3

Para-xylene

On carbons 1 and 4

Functional Group

Part of the molecule where the reactivity occurs

Two naturally occurring alkenes;

Pheromones, and Terpenes

The two common alkenes;

Propylene(propene) and Ethylene(ethene)

Combustion

The products of this reaction are always CO2 and H2O.

Benzene

The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon which does not readily undergo addition reactions.

Methane is the simplest __________.

alkane

Alkene's have ______ bonds.

double

In a _______ reaction I'm always adding a _________ to form a halogenated (cyclo)alkane. To name them I'm using the element as a prefix- for example 'Chloro.'

halogenation; halogen

Alkene + _________ = ___________ This is a __________ reaction.

hydrogen; alkane hydrogenation

Tertbutyl

l CH3--C--CH3 l CH3

Isopropyl

l CH--CH3 l CH3

Toluene and it's IUPAC

methylbenzene

Alkenes are a _______ hydrocarbon.

unsaturated


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