Chemistry Exam 1; Hydrocarbons-Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatics
Physical Properties of Alkenes
1. Insoluble in water 2. Soluble in nonpolar solvents 3. Lower density than water 4. Lower melting point than Alkanes
Symmetrical Addition
Hydrogenation and Halogenation
Unsymmetrical Addition
Hydrohalogenation and Hydration
Positional Isomers
Same carbon arrangement but hydrogens are arranged differently because of the placement of the double bond.
Halogenation is an example of a ___________ reaction. This is the only type of _________ reaction that alkanes can do.
Substitution
Skeletal Isomers
Cis and trans isomer
Two types of reactions for alkanes
1. Combustion 2. Halogenation
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
1 or more multiple bonds
Alkanes end in _____.
-ane
Alkene's end in ______.
-ene
Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons
1. Not soluble in water 2. Less dense than water 3. The larger the structure the higher the boiling point, because there are more bonds to break.
Terpenes
A hydrocarbon chain with two or more 5-carbon isoprene units.
AlCl3 is a catalyst of this type of reaction.
Alkylation
Saturated hydrocarbons
All single bonds
________ __________ are the only hydrocarbons that can undergo alkylation.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Napthalene
Bad smelling mothball
Example of Terpenes
Betacarotene; found in carrots.
Ethylene (ethene)
C2H4, Ch2=Ch2. Ripens fruit faster.
Propylene(propene)
C3H6, CH2=CH-CH3.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Chains of hydrogen and carbon without all single bonds.
Alkene formula
CnH(2n-2)
Xylene
Common name for isomers of dimethylbenzene.
What is the smallest cycloalkane?
Cyclopropane
Benzene has______ bonds. Which are...?
Delocalized bonds; Covalent bond in which electrons are shared among more than 2 atoms.
Rules of naming Alkenes
End in -ene Largest chain with double bond # closest to the double bond Give position of the double bond If multiple double bonds; -diene, -triene, -tetrene Cyclo- == bond is always between C1 and C2, but is not written. Cyclo- multiple double bonds; lowest number possible
The diatomics of a halogenation reaction will be;
F2, Br2, Cl2, I2.
Steps of naming alkanes
Find the longest carbon chain # the carbon chain name alkyl groups What? Where? How many? Alphabetize #,# #-word
Purpose of Pheromones
Gives off signals by insects/animals during mating season.
Ortho-xylene
On carbons 1 and 2
Meta-xylene
On carbons 1 and 3
Para-xylene
On carbons 1 and 4
Functional Group
Part of the molecule where the reactivity occurs
Two naturally occurring alkenes;
Pheromones, and Terpenes
The two common alkenes;
Propylene(propene) and Ethylene(ethene)
Combustion
The products of this reaction are always CO2 and H2O.
Benzene
The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon which does not readily undergo addition reactions.
Methane is the simplest __________.
alkane
Alkene's have ______ bonds.
double
In a _______ reaction I'm always adding a _________ to form a halogenated (cyclo)alkane. To name them I'm using the element as a prefix- for example 'Chloro.'
halogenation; halogen
Alkene + _________ = ___________ This is a __________ reaction.
hydrogen; alkane hydrogenation
Tertbutyl
l CH3--C--CH3 l CH3
Isopropyl
l CH--CH3 l CH3
Toluene and it's IUPAC
methylbenzene
Alkenes are a _______ hydrocarbon.
unsaturated