Bio Evolution Exam

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?

0.04

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?

0.32

In a population of 100 four-o'clock flowers there are 40 red-flowered plants (C RC R), 38 pink-flowered plants (C RC W), and 22 white-flowered plants (C WC W) what is the frequency of the C W allele in this population?

0.48 or 48%

The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be

1.5 billion years old.

Place the following events in the correct order from earliest to most recent.

1.Organization of organic polymers 2.RNA based life 3.DNA based life 4.evolution of prokaryotes 5.Origin of photosynthesis 6.evolution of eukaryotes

Life apparently originated on Earth about

3.5 billion years ago.

Match the time in Billions of years ago (BYA) to the most appropriate event.

3.8 BYA- Cooling of earth and likely origins of life. 3 BYA- Origins of photosynthesis 3.5 - 1 BYA- Age of prokaryotes 540 Million Years Ago- Marks the beginning of rapid diversification of modern bilateral animals 1.5 - 2 BYA- Origins of eukaryotes. ~1 BYA- Origins of multi-cellularity

DNA sequences has become popular because the cost to sequence an organism's genome has improved by ____ in the last 10 years.

50,000 times

An example of this is the diversity of Galapagoes finches that all derive from one original population.

Adaptive radiation

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts

____ make up a genetically distinct population.

All the moose on an island

Which group includes mammals, birds, and reptiles but excludes all other chordates?

Amniotes

In what type of environment is being heterozygous in regards to the sickle cell trait an advantage?

An environment that has malaria.

Which of the following has the best fitness?

An insect that lays 10,000 eggs and 1,000 survive to reproduce

The first land plants were bryophytes, which then branched into ferns, gymnosperms, and finally angiosperms. What advantage did angiosperms have over gymnosperms?

Angiosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.

Within the country of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos, while to the East, the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos. What is the best explanation for this observation?

Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.

Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum containing the

Annelids

The most successful phylum in regards to diversity and numbers is

Arthropoda.

During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands, allowing him to compare island species with continental species. In terms of framing his theory of evolution, why was this significant?

Because the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments.

The major Canadian geological deposit that contains numerous Cambrian animals is the

Burgess shale.

Which of the following is the correct order, from simple to complex, showing the origin of life?

C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins

Which of the following BEST represents the definition for biological evolution?

Change in the genetic composition of populations over time.

John Bernal suggested that prebiotic synthesis of polymers took place on clay because

Clay minerals can attract and bind organic molecules, catalyze chemical reactions and attract cations.

For evolution to occur by natural selection which of the following must exist in a population?

Competition among members of a population. Genetic inheritance of traits Genetic variation among individuals ALL OF THE ABOVE

The spontaneous formation of organic molecules does not happen today because they are

Consumed by organisms or oxidized to simpler inorganic compounds in the atmosphere

Place the labeled traits in this list in the interpreted sequence in which they developed through the Paleozoic era.A = lobe-finned fishes and amphibians could survive in water and on landB = winged insects, resembling today's, thrived in varying land habitatsC = vascular tissues allowed larger plants to diversify land habitatsD = the amniote egg protected and nourished eggs away from waterE = jawless fishes appeared in the oceans

E, C, A, B, D

All mammals have hair, mammary glands, and a placenta.

False

Evolution occurs in individuals, not populations.

False

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

False

Presence of vertebrae is a shared characteristic among all chordates.

False

There are many kinds of animals in which males have characteristics that are clearly disadvantageous to them. Which of the following statements offers the best explanation for the retention of these disadvantageous characteristics?

Females may select males with the disadvantageous characteristics as mates over those males that lack the characteristics.

Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Fewer offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.

A measure of the number of offspring an individual produces that survive to reproduce.

Fitness

A phenomen when a small subpopulation arrives in a new habitat with a different allelic frequency than the source population.

Founder effect

A mechanism that changes the genetic make-up of a population when only a small proportion of the original population survives population crash.

Genetic Bottleneck

Natural selection is one mechanism to change allele frequency in a gene pool, what is the name of the mechanism that fosters change in allele frequencies due to random chance?

Genetic Drift.

In which epoch do we currently live?

Holocene

The Soviet chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth, the atmosphere was probably rich in:

Hydrogen

Which of the following would be an example of natural selection?

In a forest, the taller oak trees produce twice as many acorns as shorter ones.

The "Age of Dinosaurs" lasted about 120 million years and included the ________ periods.

Jurassic and Cretaceous

Which one of the following is an example of evolution?

Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

A technique that uses the known mutation rate of DNA to estimate when two species shared a common ancestor.

Molecular clocks

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Natural selection can not modify traits that do not affect reproductive success.

Which one of the following statements is true?

Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists.

Hardy-Weinberg pointed out that the original proportions of the genotypes in a population would remain constant from generation to generation if certain assumptions are met. Which one of the following is not a Hardy-Weinberg condition?

No polymorphic loci exist in the population.

During the ________ period, jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence.

Ordovician

Which of the following was a biological fact important to the development of Darwin's ideas about evolution?

Organisms typically produce huge numbers of offspring. There are differences among members of the same species. There is a high death rate among organisms. ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE

The amniote egg in which an embryo could develop completely on dry land arose during the ________ period.

Permian

No other planet in our solar system has oxygen in its atmosphere. The source of oxygen in our atmosphere is

Photosynthesis

A visualized map of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Phylogeny

Which macromolecule did the majority of scientists favor as the "first" to be found in protobionts?

RNA

A population that gradually varies across space such that on opposite ends they are no longer recognized as the same species.

Ring species

Which statement is NOT true about the maintenance of variation in a population?

Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions.

What do fossils of transitional links illustrate?

Shared characters of two distinct groups show that those groups are related.

Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following?

Small scale changes over a short period of time.

The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America, but today most South American marsupials have become extinct. The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is

South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about 7 million years ago.

Flamingo beaks are upside down, forcing them to feed by putting their heads upside down in the water. The beak of a flamingo is an example of which of the following?

Structures that are not ideally suited to their purpose.

Regular lawn mowing selects for short-headed rather than tall-headed dandelions because

Tall flowers cannot reproduce

Even though the Coelacanth was rediscovered still living today why do scientist still regard it as a valid transitional fossil?

The earliest fossils appear just before any fish-a-pod fossils.

When performing an alignment between two DNA sequences what are researchers attempting to maximize?

The number of common bases.

Which is NOT considered good evidence in support of evolution by descent with modification.

The presence of adaptive designs in anatomy.

A population of bacteria is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. However, through repeated exposure to an antibiotic, the frequency of the recessive allele is rapidly increasing. What is the most likely explanation for this response?

The recessive allele is responsible for resistance of the bacteria to the antibiotic.

Which of the following is not a prezygotic isolating mechanism for two species found in the same geographical location?

The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile.

Which one of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false?

The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stage.

How are SNP's identified after a sequence alignment?

There will be a mismatch of bases in the same position

You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and an adult manatee swims close to the glass. On his front flippers you see fingernails. What is a likely explanation for the presence of fingernails on a manatee?

They are vestigial structures.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic found among the animals?

They form a dikaryotic cell during development.

What is the primary characteristic that groups phyla within the Ecdysozoa?

They shed their exoskeletons.

Meiosis does not occur in gametophytes.

True

Physical traits that have lost function in the modern organisms but are found functional in ancestral groups.

Vestigial traits

A scientist studying evolution of peppered moths ( Biston betularia) in Michigan observed that the percentage of melanic moths increased by around 2% from 1960-1961. Has evolution occurred in this population?

Yes, because the frequency of the melanic moths in the population changed over time.

Evolution can be defined as

a change in gene frequencies in a population.

In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is

a transitional fossil between fish and amphibians.

Which one of the following is not an agent of natural evolutionary change?

artificial selection

Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through

artificial selection.

For thousands of years, humans have bred domesticated plants and animals to produce and maintain desirable traits, such as large fruits. Darwin used which term to describe this:

artificial selection.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

bacterial resistance to antibiotics resistance of weeds to select herbicides resistance of HIV to drug treatment All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Natural selection will ultimately make a species

better adapted to its environment.

Evolution occurs as a result of

better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic

An accurate contrast between radial and bilateral symmetry among animals is that

body components are arranged around a central axis in radial symmetry, but are arranged with a distinct left and right in bilateral symmetry.

A localization of a brain and specialized sensory organs in the anterior end of the animal's "head" is called

cephalization.

Which of the following could be an agent of natural selection?

characteristics of female animals that cause males to avoid them

Plants and streptophyte algae share a number of derived traits, except

chlorophyll a and b.

Which of the following is a common selective agent for natural selection?

competition for food and other resources

The four phyla of the gymnosperms are

conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.

All living organisms share all of the following features in common except they

contain organelles

The part of the vascular plant that is a waxy coating to minimize water loss from leaves is the

cuticle

Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish. Over time the average size of the fish would

decrease by natural selection.

Ediacaran organisms

did not leave any modern day descendants. lived from about 600 million years ago to about 540 million years ago. have been thought to be ferns, worms, or fungi. lived during the Precambrian period. All of the answer choices are correct.

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to ____ for longer necked giraffes.

directional selection

Three types of natural selection are

directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.

If the average leg size of a reptile continually got smaller through generations, this would be an example of

directional selection.

Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle, other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.

disruptive selection

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is

ecological isolation.

Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as

embryos

Darwin's main tenet of natural selection was:

every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive AND only those that are most suited to the conditions at the time survive to reproduce

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.

false

Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?

feathers

The key assumption for comparing DNA sequences to determine phylogenic relationships is that closely related organism will have accumulated ___ mutations while more distantly related organisms will have accumulated ____ mutations.

fewer; more

If the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met,

gene frequencies will remain constant.

The development of tracheids helped land plants to

grow to very large sizes.

Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed?

gymnosperms

In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form ________ spores.

haploid

Humans, birds, dolphins and horses have the same basic bone arrangement in their front limb. This is an example of a(n)

homologous structure.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which

individuals immigrate or emigrate.

In flowering plants, the gametophyte

is smaller than the sporophyte.

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

lobe-finned fish

A surviving member of the lobe-finned fishes is the

lungfish

The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in

mosses, liverworts, and ferns.

The characteristics of life include all of the following except

multicellularity.

Which of the following does not result in a decrease of genetic variation?

mutation

Which of the following mechanisms produces new traits in individuals of a population.

mutations

Evolution results from

mutations. natural selection. genetic drift. gene flow. ALL of the choices are correct.

Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation?

natural selection

In a species of salamander, there are two forms, red and yellow. As the yellow form becomes less common due to predation and the red form more common, the yellow form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce. The yellow form then becomes more common and roles of red and yellow forms reverse. This maintains both forms in the population. This would be an example of

negative frequency-dependent selection and balancing selection are correct.

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?

no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same

What are the approximate odds that a endogenous retrovirus would be found in the same location of the genome of two unrelated species?

one in a googol (10100).

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that

one or more of the conditions required for equilibrium are being violated and the population is evolving.

Convergent evolution means that

organisms living in similar habitats may develop similar traits even though they are not closely related.

In a liquid environment, ____ molecules will automatically form droplets called liposomes.

phospholipid

In pine trees, the haploid microspores undergo mitosis and are liberated as the

pollen grains

Most populations tend to

produce many more offspring than needed for replacement.

The oldest microfossils are of

prokaryotes

The kingdom often referred to as an artificial group because many of its organisms are distantly related is

protista

The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is

punctuated equilibrium.

The frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed, over time, by

selection

Which of the following is generally not considered essential to explain the origin of life on Earth?

sexual reproduction

The founder effect occurs when

small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.

Which one of the following structures in the moss life cycle is not haploid?

spore mother cell

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.

stabilizing selection

The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is

stabilizing selection.

The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear

suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.

Two species of finches found on the same Galapagos island, but feeding on different food sources, is an example of ____ speciation.

sympatric

All of the following are examples of natural selection EXCEPT

the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves.

If you were studying the female portion of the moss gametophyte you would be studying

the archegonium.

You are a plant physiologist who is studying the alternation of generations in ferns, and this would have shown that

the diploid sporophyte is dominant.

Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?

the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor

Sponges are

the simplest animals.

The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character?

the use of flagellated motile sperm

Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called

trochophores

In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.

true

The theory of evolution, is supported by multiple sources of evidence described by many different people, and by a variety of fields of study.

true