Bio Evolution Exam
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive?
0.04
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8 what percent of the population will be heterozygous?
0.32
In a population of 100 four-o'clock flowers there are 40 red-flowered plants (C RC R), 38 pink-flowered plants (C RC W), and 22 white-flowered plants (C WC W) what is the frequency of the C W allele in this population?
0.48 or 48%
The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be
1.5 billion years old.
Place the following events in the correct order from earliest to most recent.
1.Organization of organic polymers 2.RNA based life 3.DNA based life 4.evolution of prokaryotes 5.Origin of photosynthesis 6.evolution of eukaryotes
Life apparently originated on Earth about
3.5 billion years ago.
Match the time in Billions of years ago (BYA) to the most appropriate event.
3.8 BYA- Cooling of earth and likely origins of life. 3 BYA- Origins of photosynthesis 3.5 - 1 BYA- Age of prokaryotes 540 Million Years Ago- Marks the beginning of rapid diversification of modern bilateral animals 1.5 - 2 BYA- Origins of eukaryotes. ~1 BYA- Origins of multi-cellularity
DNA sequences has become popular because the cost to sequence an organism's genome has improved by ____ in the last 10 years.
50,000 times
An example of this is the diversity of Galapagoes finches that all derive from one original population.
Adaptive radiation
Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?
All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts
____ make up a genetically distinct population.
All the moose on an island
Which group includes mammals, birds, and reptiles but excludes all other chordates?
Amniotes
In what type of environment is being heterozygous in regards to the sickle cell trait an advantage?
An environment that has malaria.
Which of the following has the best fitness?
An insect that lays 10,000 eggs and 1,000 survive to reproduce
The first land plants were bryophytes, which then branched into ferns, gymnosperms, and finally angiosperms. What advantage did angiosperms have over gymnosperms?
Angiosperms can produce flowers and fruits to aid in seed dispersal.
Within the country of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos, while to the East, the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos. What is the best explanation for this observation?
Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum containing the
Annelids
The most successful phylum in regards to diversity and numbers is
Arthropoda.
During the Beagle journey, Darwin visited islands, allowing him to compare island species with continental species. In terms of framing his theory of evolution, why was this significant?
Because the island species had both similarities to their continental ancestors and unique adaptations to their island environments.
The major Canadian geological deposit that contains numerous Cambrian animals is the
Burgess shale.
Which of the following is the correct order, from simple to complex, showing the origin of life?
C, H, O, N → CH4 and NH3 → amino acid → proteins
Which of the following BEST represents the definition for biological evolution?
Change in the genetic composition of populations over time.
John Bernal suggested that prebiotic synthesis of polymers took place on clay because
Clay minerals can attract and bind organic molecules, catalyze chemical reactions and attract cations.
For evolution to occur by natural selection which of the following must exist in a population?
Competition among members of a population. Genetic inheritance of traits Genetic variation among individuals ALL OF THE ABOVE
The spontaneous formation of organic molecules does not happen today because they are
Consumed by organisms or oxidized to simpler inorganic compounds in the atmosphere
Place the labeled traits in this list in the interpreted sequence in which they developed through the Paleozoic era.A = lobe-finned fishes and amphibians could survive in water and on landB = winged insects, resembling today's, thrived in varying land habitatsC = vascular tissues allowed larger plants to diversify land habitatsD = the amniote egg protected and nourished eggs away from waterE = jawless fishes appeared in the oceans
E, C, A, B, D
All mammals have hair, mammary glands, and a placenta.
False
Evolution occurs in individuals, not populations.
False
Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.
False
Presence of vertebrae is a shared characteristic among all chordates.
False
There are many kinds of animals in which males have characteristics that are clearly disadvantageous to them. Which of the following statements offers the best explanation for the retention of these disadvantageous characteristics?
Females may select males with the disadvantageous characteristics as mates over those males that lack the characteristics.
Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Fewer offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.
A measure of the number of offspring an individual produces that survive to reproduce.
Fitness
A phenomen when a small subpopulation arrives in a new habitat with a different allelic frequency than the source population.
Founder effect
A mechanism that changes the genetic make-up of a population when only a small proportion of the original population survives population crash.
Genetic Bottleneck
Natural selection is one mechanism to change allele frequency in a gene pool, what is the name of the mechanism that fosters change in allele frequencies due to random chance?
Genetic Drift.
In which epoch do we currently live?
Holocene
The Soviet chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth, the atmosphere was probably rich in:
Hydrogen
Which of the following would be an example of natural selection?
In a forest, the taller oak trees produce twice as many acorns as shorter ones.
The "Age of Dinosaurs" lasted about 120 million years and included the ________ periods.
Jurassic and Cretaceous
Which one of the following is an example of evolution?
Many species of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.
A technique that uses the known mutation rate of DNA to estimate when two species shared a common ancestor.
Molecular clocks
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Natural selection can not modify traits that do not affect reproductive success.
Which one of the following statements is true?
Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists.
Hardy-Weinberg pointed out that the original proportions of the genotypes in a population would remain constant from generation to generation if certain assumptions are met. Which one of the following is not a Hardy-Weinberg condition?
No polymorphic loci exist in the population.
During the ________ period, jawless fishes were the first vertebrates to leave fossil evidence.
Ordovician
Which of the following was a biological fact important to the development of Darwin's ideas about evolution?
Organisms typically produce huge numbers of offspring. There are differences among members of the same species. There is a high death rate among organisms. ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE
The amniote egg in which an embryo could develop completely on dry land arose during the ________ period.
Permian
No other planet in our solar system has oxygen in its atmosphere. The source of oxygen in our atmosphere is
Photosynthesis
A visualized map of the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Phylogeny
Which macromolecule did the majority of scientists favor as the "first" to be found in protobionts?
RNA
A population that gradually varies across space such that on opposite ends they are no longer recognized as the same species.
Ring species
Which statement is NOT true about the maintenance of variation in a population?
Selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensures that the population will become stronger and more viable under any conditions.
What do fossils of transitional links illustrate?
Shared characters of two distinct groups show that those groups are related.
Microevolution is the term that applies to which of the following?
Small scale changes over a short period of time.
The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia and South America, but today most South American marsupials have become extinct. The most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to South America today is
South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge formed between North America and South America about 7 million years ago.
Flamingo beaks are upside down, forcing them to feed by putting their heads upside down in the water. The beak of a flamingo is an example of which of the following?
Structures that are not ideally suited to their purpose.
Regular lawn mowing selects for short-headed rather than tall-headed dandelions because
Tall flowers cannot reproduce
Even though the Coelacanth was rediscovered still living today why do scientist still regard it as a valid transitional fossil?
The earliest fossils appear just before any fish-a-pod fossils.
When performing an alignment between two DNA sequences what are researchers attempting to maximize?
The number of common bases.
Which is NOT considered good evidence in support of evolution by descent with modification.
The presence of adaptive designs in anatomy.
A population of bacteria is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. However, through repeated exposure to an antibiotic, the frequency of the recessive allele is rapidly increasing. What is the most likely explanation for this response?
The recessive allele is responsible for resistance of the bacteria to the antibiotic.
Which of the following is not a prezygotic isolating mechanism for two species found in the same geographical location?
The two species can mate, but the offspring are sterile.
Which one of the following statements about haplodiplontic life cycles is false?
The zygote is the only diploid cell in the sporophyte stage.
How are SNP's identified after a sequence alignment?
There will be a mismatch of bases in the same position
You are at the aquarium looking at a freshwater mammal tank and an adult manatee swims close to the glass. On his front flippers you see fingernails. What is a likely explanation for the presence of fingernails on a manatee?
They are vestigial structures.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic found among the animals?
They form a dikaryotic cell during development.
What is the primary characteristic that groups phyla within the Ecdysozoa?
They shed their exoskeletons.
Meiosis does not occur in gametophytes.
True
Physical traits that have lost function in the modern organisms but are found functional in ancestral groups.
Vestigial traits
A scientist studying evolution of peppered moths ( Biston betularia) in Michigan observed that the percentage of melanic moths increased by around 2% from 1960-1961. Has evolution occurred in this population?
Yes, because the frequency of the melanic moths in the population changed over time.
Evolution can be defined as
a change in gene frequencies in a population.
In 2006, scientists discovered a fossil that had scales and gills, a flat head with eyes on top like a crocodile, and fin and neck bones that would allow it to prop itself out of the water. The best explanation for this fossil is that it is
a transitional fossil between fish and amphibians.
Which one of the following is not an agent of natural evolutionary change?
artificial selection
Farmers and horticulturalists bred broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and cabbage from the wild mustard plant through
artificial selection.
For thousands of years, humans have bred domesticated plants and animals to produce and maintain desirable traits, such as large fruits. Darwin used which term to describe this:
artificial selection.
Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?
bacterial resistance to antibiotics resistance of weeds to select herbicides resistance of HIV to drug treatment All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.
Natural selection will ultimately make a species
better adapted to its environment.
Evolution occurs as a result of
better survival or reproduction rates by individuals with a particular characteristic
An accurate contrast between radial and bilateral symmetry among animals is that
body components are arranged around a central axis in radial symmetry, but are arranged with a distinct left and right in bilateral symmetry.
A localization of a brain and specialized sensory organs in the anterior end of the animal's "head" is called
cephalization.
Which of the following could be an agent of natural selection?
characteristics of female animals that cause males to avoid them
Plants and streptophyte algae share a number of derived traits, except
chlorophyll a and b.
Which of the following is a common selective agent for natural selection?
competition for food and other resources
The four phyla of the gymnosperms are
conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes.
All living organisms share all of the following features in common except they
contain organelles
The part of the vascular plant that is a waxy coating to minimize water loss from leaves is the
cuticle
Historically fishermen kept larger fish and left smaller juvenile fish. Over time the average size of the fish would
decrease by natural selection.
Ediacaran organisms
did not leave any modern day descendants. lived from about 600 million years ago to about 540 million years ago. have been thought to be ferns, worms, or fungi. lived during the Precambrian period. All of the answer choices are correct.
Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to ____ for longer necked giraffes.
directional selection
Three types of natural selection are
directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.
If the average leg size of a reptile continually got smaller through generations, this would be an example of
directional selection.
Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle, other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches.
disruptive selection
The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is
ecological isolation.
Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as
embryos
Darwin's main tenet of natural selection was:
every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive AND only those that are most suited to the conditions at the time survive to reproduce
Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments.
false
Which one of the following features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrates that it was on the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to birds?
feathers
The key assumption for comparing DNA sequences to determine phylogenic relationships is that closely related organism will have accumulated ___ mutations while more distantly related organisms will have accumulated ____ mutations.
fewer; more
If the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met,
gene frequencies will remain constant.
The development of tracheids helped land plants to
grow to very large sizes.
Which of the following types of plants will produce a naked seed?
gymnosperms
In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form ________ spores.
haploid
Humans, birds, dolphins and horses have the same basic bone arrangement in their front limb. This is an example of a(n)
homologous structure.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will not occur in a population in which
individuals immigrate or emigrate.
In flowering plants, the gametophyte
is smaller than the sporophyte.
Amphibians are thought to have evolved from
lobe-finned fish
A surviving member of the lobe-finned fishes is the
lungfish
The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in
mosses, liverworts, and ferns.
The characteristics of life include all of the following except
multicellularity.
Which of the following does not result in a decrease of genetic variation?
mutation
Which of the following mechanisms produces new traits in individuals of a population.
mutations
Evolution results from
mutations. natural selection. genetic drift. gene flow. ALL of the choices are correct.
Which of the following agents of evolutionary change results in adaptation?
natural selection
In a species of salamander, there are two forms, red and yellow. As the yellow form becomes less common due to predation and the red form more common, the yellow form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce. The yellow form then becomes more common and roles of red and yellow forms reverse. This maintains both forms in the population. This would be an example of
negative frequency-dependent selection and balancing selection are correct.
If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met, what is the net effect?
no evolution because the alleles in the population remain the same
What are the approximate odds that a endogenous retrovirus would be found in the same location of the genome of two unrelated species?
one in a googol (10100).
If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that
one or more of the conditions required for equilibrium are being violated and the population is evolving.
Convergent evolution means that
organisms living in similar habitats may develop similar traits even though they are not closely related.
In a liquid environment, ____ molecules will automatically form droplets called liposomes.
phospholipid
In pine trees, the haploid microspores undergo mitosis and are liberated as the
pollen grains
Most populations tend to
produce many more offspring than needed for replacement.
The oldest microfossils are of
prokaryotes
The kingdom often referred to as an artificial group because many of its organisms are distantly related is
protista
The idea that evolution proceeds with long periods of stasis with relatively brief bursts of fast evolutionary change is
punctuated equilibrium.
The frequency of a particular allele within a population can be changed, over time, by
selection
Which of the following is generally not considered essential to explain the origin of life on Earth?
sexual reproduction
The founder effect occurs when
small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves.
Which one of the following structures in the moss life cycle is not haploid?
spore mother cell
Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight.
stabilizing selection
The mode of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotype is
stabilizing selection.
The punctuated equilibrium model of evolution suggests that new species appear
suddenly after long periods of time with little to no change.
Two species of finches found on the same Galapagos island, but feeding on different food sources, is an example of ____ speciation.
sympatric
All of the following are examples of natural selection EXCEPT
the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves.
If you were studying the female portion of the moss gametophyte you would be studying
the archegonium.
You are a plant physiologist who is studying the alternation of generations in ferns, and this would have shown that
the diploid sporophyte is dominant.
Which of the following is an example of macroevolution?
the origin of horses and donkeys from a common ancestor
Sponges are
the simplest animals.
The aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is most clearly demonstrated by what character?
the use of flagellated motile sperm
Many marine mollusks have distinctive larvae which have their bodies encircled by a row of cilia. These larvae are called
trochophores
In an evolutionary sense, fitness refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool.
true
The theory of evolution, is supported by multiple sources of evidence described by many different people, and by a variety of fields of study.
true
