bio exam 2
Describe the function of NAD+/NADH in cells
NAD+ is the empty form so when energy needs to generated then once it's passed down to NADH the "full form" where it's stored
Which product of the citric acid cycle is needed during oxidative phosphorylation?
NADH
Organisms that can do photosynthesis are called
Photoautotrophs
chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
What is required in order for ATP to be produced during the light reactions?
The establishment of a concentration gradient of protons (H+ ions)
The Calvin Cycle is also known as
The light-independent reactions
List the three basic types of work performed by cells, and give a brief explanation or example of each.
They do chemical, mechanical and transport work. With chemical it's basically building things like proteins. As for transport which is putting some energy into different locations that are needed. And lastly, mechancial turning the food that is being processed into energy
Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory?
a cell has a nucleus
The location on an enzyme where the reaction is catalyzed is called the
active site
Lysosome
breaks down and recycles cellular waste
__________ pathways break down molecules, while __________ pathways build molecules.
catabolic and anabolic
Where does photosynthesis occur in plants
chloroplasts
Glycolysis is in the
cytoplasm
A reaction where the products have less energy than the reactants
exergonic
Breaking apart ATP into ADP and Phosphate
exergonic
Combustion of gasoline in your gas tank
exergonic
Humans could survive just fine if photosynthesis didn't exist
false
Light is made up of atoms.
false
Plants make oxygen during photosynthesis because animals need oxygen to survive.
false
Cytoplasm
gel-like fluid interior of the cell where organelles are located
inputs of glycolysis
glucose, ATP, NAD+
Oxidative Phosphorylation is in the
inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric Acid Cycle is in the
interior of mitochondria
List the three majors benefits that photosynthesis has to ecosystems as a whole.
it provides food supply ,provides oxygen that humans and other organisms need to live and maintains a balance with CO2
How many repeats of the Calvin Cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule? Why?
it will repeat 6 times because it takes 6 carbon molecules to complete that one glucose molecule
The longer the wavelength of light:
less energy it contains
Cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments that support cell shape and movement
_________ reactions involve loss of electrons, while ______________ reactions involve gain of electrons.
oxidation and reduction
Human muscle cells produce lactate (lactic acid) when they don't have enough
oxygen
Organisms that can harness the energy from sunlight are:
phototrophs
is a molecule that can absorb specific wavelengths of light (and often reflects other wavelengths)
pigments
Plants get carbon dioxide through their _______and water through________
stomata and roots
are the reactants that enzymes "work" on.
substrates
Cells convert the energy in the organic compounds of food into the bonds of ATP
true
Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, speeding up the reaction
true
In every energy transformation, some of the energy is released as heat, increasing the disorder of the universe
true
When cells "use" ATP energy, ADP and phosphate still remain
true
Nucleus
Membrane-bound compartment that contains genetic material
Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membrane tubes important for modifying, sorting, and distributing the cell's materials
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration (making ATP from sugar and oxygen)
four main structures that are found in all cells.
dna membranes ribosomes cytoplasm
A cell building a protein
endergonic
A cell doing work
endergonic
Is active transport exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
Making ATP from ADP and phosphate
endergonic
Photosynthesis
endergonic
A reaction that releases energy
exergonic
Organisms that require the organic compounds in food as a source of carbon are:
heterotrophs
Most enzymes are:
proteins
What are H+ ions?
protons
outputs of glycolysis
pyruvate and ATP
Prokaryotic cells are found in:
single celled organisms only
Light is a form of energy
true
In photosynthesis,___________ oxidized and _______ is reduced
water, CO2
What is needed for photosynthesis
water, carbon dioxide, light energy
Ribosomes
where proteins are made
events of the Calvin Cycle in the correct order
1.CO2 enters the chloroplasts 2.The enzymes Rubisco combines CO2 with RuBP, forming 2 molecules of PGA 3.PGA is reduced to G3P using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH 4.Some G3P's are rearranged to re-form RuBP, other G3P's can be used to make glucose and other sugars
events of the light reactions in the correct order.
1.Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy 2.Light energy is transferred to a reaction center in a photosystem, causing the loss of an electron 3.The lost electron is replaced by taking an electron from water, forming O2 4.Electrons are passed to NADP+ forming NADPH
stages of cellular respiration in the correct order1
1.Glycolysis 2.Pyruvate Oxidation 3.The Citric Acid Cycle 4.Oxidative Phosphorylation
order of events for Oxidative Phosphorylation
1.NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron transport chain 2.Electrons are transferred down the electron transport chain, resulting in the establishment of a proton gradient 3.Electrons are transferred to oxygen 4.Protons flow back down their gradient, powering the production of ATP
Which of the following can do photosynthesis?
1.Plants 2.Multicellular Algae 3.Cyanobacteria
the three stages of signal transduction and give a one sentence description of each stage
1.reception -a cell knows when molecules are signaling from outside 2.transduction- the signal of the molecules makes the protein react to start transduction 3.Response-the signal gets to a certain cellular response
The light reactions supply the Calvin Cycle with
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following is not true about pyruvate oxidation?
ATP is produced during pyruvate oxidation
The Calvin Cycle is often referred to as the Light-Independent Reactions, but the Calvin Cycle is not truly 100% light independent. Why not?
Because the Calvin Cycle cycle does not need 100% light in order for the cycle to work or be completed.
When yeast undergo alcohol fermentation, they produce
CO2 and ethanol
Eukaryotic cells are found in:
Either single-celled or multicellular organisms
the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
What is produced by photosynthesis?
Glucose and other carbohydrates
What does NOT happen during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Glucose is made using CO2