bio exam 2

Describe the function of NAD+/NADH in cells

NAD+ is the empty form so when energy needs to generated then once it's passed down to NADH the "full form" where it's stored

Which product of the citric acid cycle is needed during oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH

Organisms that can do photosynthesis are called

Photoautotrophs

chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

What is required in order for ATP to be produced during the light reactions?

The establishment of a concentration gradient of protons (H+ ions)

The Calvin Cycle is also known as

The light-independent reactions

List the three basic types of work performed by cells, and give a brief explanation or example of each.

They do chemical, mechanical and transport work. With chemical it's basically building things like proteins. As for transport which is putting some energy into different locations that are needed. And lastly, mechancial turning the food that is being processed into energy

Which of the following is NOT part of the cell theory?

a cell has a nucleus

The location on an enzyme where the reaction is catalyzed is called the

active site

Lysosome

breaks down and recycles cellular waste

__________ pathways break down molecules, while __________ pathways build molecules.

catabolic and anabolic

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants

chloroplasts

Glycolysis is in the

cytoplasm

A reaction where the products have less energy than the reactants

exergonic

Breaking apart ATP into ADP and Phosphate

exergonic

Combustion of gasoline in your gas tank

exergonic

Humans could survive just fine if photosynthesis didn't exist

false

Light is made up of atoms.

false

Plants make oxygen during photosynthesis because animals need oxygen to survive.

false

Cytoplasm

gel-like fluid interior of the cell where organelles are located

inputs of glycolysis

glucose, ATP, NAD+

Oxidative Phosphorylation is in the

inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Pyruvate Oxidation/Citric Acid Cycle is in the

interior of mitochondria

List the three majors benefits that photosynthesis has to ecosystems as a whole.

it provides food supply ,provides oxygen that humans and other organisms need to live and maintains a balance with CO2

How many repeats of the Calvin Cycle are needed to make one glucose molecule? Why?

it will repeat 6 times because it takes 6 carbon molecules to complete that one glucose molecule

The longer the wavelength of light:

less energy it contains

Cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments that support cell shape and movement

_________ reactions involve loss of electrons, while ______________ reactions involve gain of electrons.

oxidation and reduction

Human muscle cells produce lactate (lactic acid) when they don't have enough

oxygen

Organisms that can harness the energy from sunlight are:

phototrophs

is a molecule that can absorb specific wavelengths of light (and often reflects other wavelengths)

pigments

Plants get carbon dioxide through their _______and water through________

stomata and roots

are the reactants that enzymes "work" on.

substrates

Cells convert the energy in the organic compounds of food into the bonds of ATP

true

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction, speeding up the reaction

true

In every energy transformation, some of the energy is released as heat, increasing the disorder of the universe

true

When cells "use" ATP energy, ADP and phosphate still remain

true

Nucleus

Membrane-bound compartment that contains genetic material

Endoplasmic Reticulum

System of membrane tubes important for modifying, sorting, and distributing the cell's materials

Mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration (making ATP from sugar and oxygen)

four main structures that are found in all cells.

dna membranes ribosomes cytoplasm

A cell building a protein

endergonic

A cell doing work

endergonic

Is active transport exergonic or endergonic?

endergonic

Making ATP from ADP and phosphate

endergonic

Photosynthesis

endergonic

A reaction that releases energy

exergonic

Organisms that require the organic compounds in food as a source of carbon are:

heterotrophs

Most enzymes are:

proteins

What are H+ ions?

protons

outputs of glycolysis

pyruvate and ATP

Prokaryotic cells are found in:

single celled organisms only

Light is a form of energy

true

In photosynthesis,___________ oxidized and _______ is reduced

water, CO2

What is needed for photosynthesis

water, carbon dioxide, light energy

Ribosomes

where proteins are made

events of the Calvin Cycle in the correct order

1.CO2 enters the chloroplasts 2.The enzymes Rubisco combines CO2 with RuBP, forming 2 molecules of PGA 3.PGA is reduced to G3P using energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH 4.Some G3P's are rearranged to re-form RuBP, other G3P's can be used to make glucose and other sugars

events of the light reactions in the correct order.

1.Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy 2.Light energy is transferred to a reaction center in a photosystem, causing the loss of an electron 3.The lost electron is replaced by taking an electron from water, forming O2 4.Electrons are passed to NADP+ forming NADPH

stages of cellular respiration in the correct order1

1.Glycolysis 2.Pyruvate Oxidation 3.The Citric Acid Cycle 4.Oxidative Phosphorylation

order of events for Oxidative Phosphorylation

1.NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to the electron transport chain 2.Electrons are transferred down the electron transport chain, resulting in the establishment of a proton gradient 3.Electrons are transferred to oxygen 4.Protons flow back down their gradient, powering the production of ATP

Which of the following can do photosynthesis?

1.Plants 2.Multicellular Algae 3.Cyanobacteria

the three stages of signal transduction and give a one sentence description of each stage

1.reception -a cell knows when molecules are signaling from outside 2.transduction- the signal of the molecules makes the protein react to start transduction 3.Response-the signal gets to a certain cellular response

The light reactions supply the Calvin Cycle with

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following is not true about pyruvate oxidation?

ATP is produced during pyruvate oxidation

The Calvin Cycle is often referred to as the Light-Independent Reactions, but the Calvin Cycle is not truly 100% light independent. Why not?

Because the Calvin Cycle cycle does not need 100% light in order for the cycle to work or be completed.

When yeast undergo alcohol fermentation, they produce

CO2 and ethanol

Eukaryotic cells are found in:

Either single-celled or multicellular organisms

the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

What is produced by photosynthesis?

Glucose and other carbohydrates

What does NOT happen during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Glucose is made using CO2